While we know our northern friends may not feel it, in the South, Spring is
here. So we thought we'd share a few of our gardening sites appropriate
for this time of the year. Along with gardening, there's grilling, and getting
ready to diet so that you can fit back into that bathing suit this summer!
Lipan (adapted from Ipa-n'de,
apparently a personal name; n'de=`people).
An Apache tribe, designating themselves Náizhan
('ours,' 'our kind'), which at various periods of the 18th and 19th
centuries roamed from the lower Rio Grande in New Mexico and Mexico
eastward through Texas to the Gulf coast, gaining a livelihood by
depredations against other tribes and especially against the white
settlements of Texas and Mexico.
The name has probably been employed to include other
Apache groups of the southern plains, such as the Mescaleros and the Kiowa
Apache. The Franciscan mission of San Saba (q. v.) was established among
the Lipan in Texas in 1757, but it was soon destroyed by their enemies,
the Comanche and Wichita. In 1761-62 the missions of San Lorenzo and
Candelaria were also founded, but these met a like fate in 1767.
In 1805 the Lipan were reported to be divided into 3
bands, numbering 300, 350, and 100 men, respective: this apparently gave
rise to their subdivision by Orozco N, Berra in 1864 into the Lipajenne,
Lipanes de Arriba, and Lipanes de Abajo.
In 1849, under chief Castro, they sided with the Texans
againt the Comanche (Schoolcraft, Thirty Years,642, 1851 ); they were
always friendly, with their congeners, the Mescaleros, and with the
Tonkawa after 1855, but were enemies of the Jicarillas and the Ute.
Between 1845 and 1850 they suffered severely in the Texan wars, the design
of which was the extermination of the Indians within the Texas border.
Most of them were driven into Coahuila, Mexico, where they resided in the
Santa Rosa mountains with Kickapoo and other refugee Indians from the
United States, until the 19 survivors were taken to northwestern
Chihuahua, in Oct., 1903, whence they were brought the United States about
the beginning of 1905 and placed on the Mescalero reservation, New Mexico,
where they now (1905) number about 25 and are making more rapid progress
toward civilization than their Indian neighbors. In addition there are one
or two Lipan numbered with the 54 Tonkawa under the Ponca, Pawnee, and Oto
agency, Oakland reservation, Okla., and a few with the Kiowa Apache in the
same territory, making the total population about 35.
The Lipan resemble the other Apache in all important
characteristics. They were often known under the designation Cancy, Chanze,
etc., the French form of the Caddo collective name (Kä'ntsi)
for the eastern Apache tribes.
