Akokisa. The name Akokisa, spelled in various ways, was
given by the Spaniards to those Atakapa living in southeastern Texas,
between Trinity Bay and Trinity River and Sabine River. (See Atakapa under
Louisiana.)
Alabama. Alabama Indians came to Texas early in the nineteenth century,
and the largest single body of Alabama still lives there on a State
reservation in Polk County. (See
Alabama.)
Anadarko. The name of a tribe or band belonging to the Hasinai Confederacy.
Apache. The Jicarilla and other Apache tribes raided across the boundaries
of this State on the northwest and west in early times, but the only one
of them which may be said to have had its head-quarters inside for any
considerable period was the Lipan.
Aranama. The Aranama were associated sometimes with the
Karankawa in the Franciscan missions but were said to be distinct from
them. Although a small tribe during all of their known history, they held
together until comparatively recent times, and Morse (1822) gives them a
population of 125. They were remembered by the Tonkawa, when Dr. A. S.
Gatschet visited the latter, and he obtained two words of their language,
but they are said to have been extinct as a tribe by 1843. While their
affiliations are not certainly known, they were undoubtedly with one of
the three stocks, Karankawan, Tonkawan, or Coahuiltecan, probably the last
mentioned, and will be enumerated provisionally with them. (See
Coahuiltecan Tribes.)
Bidai. Perhaps from a Caddo word signifying "brushwood," and having
reference to the Big Thicket near the lower Trinity River about which they
lived. Also called:
Quasmigdo, given as their own name by Ker (1816).
Spring Creeks, the name given by Foote (1841).
Connections. From the mission records it appears that the Bidai were of
the Atakapan linguistic stock.
Location. On the middle course of Trinity River about Bidai Creek and to
the westward and southwestward.
History. The Bidai were living in the region above given when first known
to the Europeans and claimed to be aborigines of that territory. The
Franciscan mission of San Ildefonso was founded for them and the Akokisa,
Deadose, and Patiri. In the latter part of the eighteenth century they are
said to have been chief intermediaries between the Spaniards and Apache in
the sale of firearms. The attempt to missionize them was soon abandoned.
In 1776–77 an epidemic carried away nearly half their number, but they
maintained separate existence down to the middle of the nineteenth
century, when they were in a village 12 miles from Montgomery. They have
now entirely disappeared.
Population. Mooney (1928) estimates for them a population of 500 in 1690.
In 1805 there were reported to be about 100.
Connection in which they have become noted. The name is perpetuated in
that of a small creek flowing into Trinity River from the west and in a
village known as Bedias or Bedais in Grimes County, Tex.
Biloxi. Some Biloxi entered Texas before 1828. In 1846 a band was camped
on Little River, a tributary of the Brazos. Afterward they occupied a
village on Biloxi Bayou in the present Angelina County, but later either
returned to Louisiana or passed north to the present Oklahoma. (See
Mississippi.)
Caddo Tribes. Under this head are included the Adai and the Natchitoches
Confederacy (see Louisiana); and the Eyeish, the Hasinai Confederacy, and
the Kadohadacho Confederacy in Texas.
Cherokee. A band of Cherokee under a chief named Bowl settled in Texas
early in the nineteenth century, but they were driven out by the Texans in
1839 and their chief killed. (See
Tennessee.)
Choctaw. Morse (1822) reported 1,200 Choctaw on the Sabine and Neches
Rivers, and some bands continued to live for a while in eastern Texas. One
band in particular, the Yowani Choctaw, was admitted among the Caddo
there. All the Choctaw finally re-moved to Oklahoma. (See
Mississippi.)
Deadose. An Atakapa tribe or subtribe in south central Texas. (See
Louisiana.)
Eyeish, or Haish. Meaning unknown. Also called
Aays
Aix
Aliche
Yayecha,
etc.
Connections. The Eyeish belonged to the Caddoan linguistic stock, their
closest relatives probably being the Adai, and next to them the peoples of
the Kadohadacho and Hasinai Confederacies, with which, in fact, Lesser and Weltfish (1932) classify them.
Location. On Ayish Creek, northeastern Texas, between the Sabine and
Neches Rivers.
History. In 1542 the Eyeish were visited by the Spaniards under Moscoso,
De Soto's successor. They are next noted in 1686–87 by the companions of
La Salle. In 1716 the mission of Nuestra Senora de los Dolores was
established among them by the Franciscans, abandoned in 1719,
reestablished in 1721, and finally given up in 1773, the success of the
mission having been very small. Their proximity to the road between the
French post at Natchitoches and the Spanish post at Nacogdoches seems to
have contributed to their general demoralization. Sibley (1832) reported
only 20 individuals in the tribe in 1805 but in 1828 there were said to be
160 families. Soon afterward they joined the other Caddo tribes and
followed their for-tunes, and they must have declined very rapidly for
only a bare memory of them is preserved.
Population. In 1779, 20 families were reported; in 1785, a total
population of 300; in 1805, 20 individuals; in 1828, 160 families. (See
Caddo Confederacy, under Louisiana.)
Connection in which they have
become noted. Ayish Bayou, a tributary of
the Angelina River on which they formerly lived, perpetuates the name of
the Eyeish.
Guasco. A tribe or band which attained some prominence from the importance
attached to it in the narratives of the De Soto expedition. (See Hasinai
Confederacy.)
Kichai
or (more phonetically) Kitsei. Their own name and said to mean
"going in wet sand," but the Pawnee translate their rendering of it as
"water turtle." Also called:
Gfts'ajl, Kansa name.
Ki-0i'-tcac, Omaha name.
Kietsash, Wichita name.
Ki'-tchesh, Caddo name.
Quichais, Spanish variant.
Quidehais, from French sources (La Harpe, 1831).
Connections. The Kichai were a tribe of the Caddoan stock whose language
lay midway between Wichita and Pawnee.
Location. On the upper waters of Trinity River, and between that stream
and Red River. (See also Oklahoma.)
History. It is probable that in the prehistoric period the Kichai lived
north of Red River but they had gotten south of it by 1701 when the French
penetrated that country and they continued in the same general region
until 1855. They were then assigned to a small reservation on Brazos
River, along with several other small tribes. In 1858, however, alarmed at threats of extermination on
the part of the neighboring Whites, they fled to the present Oklahoma,
where they joined the Wichita. They have remained with them ever since.
Population. Mooney (1928) estimates a total Kichai population of 500 in
1690. In 1772 the main Kichai village contained 30 houses and there were
estimated in it 80 warriors, most of whom were young. In 1778 the number
of Kichai fighting men was estimated at 100. The census of 1910 returned a
total population of only 10, and that of 1930 included them with the
Wichita, the figure for the two tribes, nearly all Wichita however, being
300.
Connection in which they have become noted. Their name Kichai is
perpetuated in the Keeche Hills, Okla.; Keechi Creek, Tex.; a branch of
the Trinity, Keechi; a post hamlet of Leon County, Tex.; and perhaps Kechi,
a post township of Sedgwick County, Kans.
Kiowa. This tribe hunted in and raided across northern Texas. (See
Kansas.)
Koasati. Early in the nineteenth century bands of Koasati had worked over
from Louisiana into Texas, settling first on the Sabine and later on the
Neches and the Trinity. In 1850 the bulk of the entire tribe was in Texas
but later, partly it is said on account of a pestilence, they suffered
heavy losses and most of the survivors returned to Louisiana, where the
largest single body of Koasati is living. Among the Alabama in Polk
County, Tex., there were in 1912 about 10 of this tribe. (See
Alabama and
Louisiana.)
Lipan. Adapted from Ipa-n'de, apparently a personal name; n'de meaning
"people." Also called:
A-tagui, Kiowa name, meaning "timber Apache"; used also for Mescalero.
Cances, Caddo name, meaning "deceivers."
Hu-ta'-ci, Comanche name, meaning "forest Apache" (Ten Kate, 1884, in
Hodge, 1907).
Huxul, Tonkawa name. (See Uxul.)
Na-izh ..'fi, own name, meaning "ours," "our kind."
Nav6ne, Comanche name (Gatschet, MS., B. A. E.).
Shi'Tni, former Mescalero name, meaning "summer people"(?).
Tu-tsan-nde,
Mescalero name, meaning "great water people."
Uxul, Tonkawa name, meaning a spiral shell and applied to this tribe
because of their coiled hair.
Yabipai Lipan, so called by Garces in 1776.
Connections. T his is one of the tribes of the Athapascan linguistic stock
to which the general name Apache was applied. Their closest relations
politically were with the Jicarilla, with whom they formed one linguistic
group.
Location. The Lipan formerly ranged from the Rio Grande in New Mexico
over the eastern part of the latter State and western
Texas southeastward as far as the Gulf of Mexico. (See also
New Mexico and
Oklahoma.)
Subdivisions.
The Lipan were reported during the early part of the nineteenth century to
consist of three bands, probably the same which Orozco y Berra (1864)
calls Lipanjenne, Lipanes de Arriba, and Lipanes Abajo.
History. The position of the Lipan prior to the eighteenth century is
somewhat obscure, but during that century and the early part of the
nineteenth they ranged over the region just indicated. In 1757 the San
Saba mission was established for them, but it was broken up by their
enemies, the Comanche and Wichita. In 1761–62 the missions of San Lorenzo
and Candelaria were organized for the same purpose but met a similar fate
in 1767. In 1839 the Lipan sided with the Texans against the Comanche but
suffered severely from the Whites between 1845 and 1856, when most of them
were driven into Coahuila, Mexico. They remained in Coahuila until October
1903, when the 19 survivors were taken to northwest Chihauhua, and
remained there until 1905. In that year they were brought to the United
States and placed on the Mescalero Reservation, N. Mex., where they now
live. A few Lipan were also incorporated with the Tonkawa and the Kiowa
Apache.
Population. Mooney (1928) estimates that the Lipan numbered 500 in 1690.
In 1805 the three bands were reported to number 300, 350, and 100 men
respectively, which would seem to be a too liberal allowance. The census
of 1910 returned 28.
Connection in which they have become noted. The Lipan were noted as
persistent raiders into Texas, New Mexico, and Mexico. Their name has been
given to a post village in Hood County, Tex.
Muskogee. A few Muskogee came to Texas in the nineteenth century, most
belonging to the Pakana division. Two or three individuals lived until
recently near Livingston, Tex. (See Alabama.)
Nabedache, Nacachau, Nacanish, Nacogdoche, Nadaco, Namidish, Nechaui,
Neches, and one section of the Nasoni. Small tribes or bands belonging to
the Hasinai Confederacy.
Nanatsoho, Nasoni (Upper). Small tribes or bands connected with the
Kadohadacho Confederacy.
Pakana. A Muskogee division. (See Muskogee above and also under
Alabama.)
Pascagoula. Bands belonging to the Pascagoula, entered Texas from
Louisiana early in the nineteenth century, and one band lived on Biloxi
Bayou, a branch of the Neches, for a considerable period, together with
some Biloxi Indians. All had disappeared in 1912 except two Indians, only half Pascagoula, living with the
Alabama in Polk County. (See Mississippi).
Patiri. A tribe associated with the Akokisa, Bidai, and Deadose in the
mission of San Ildefonso west of Trinity River. Since related tribes are
said to have been put in the same mission in that period (1748-49), it is
believed that the Patiri spoke an Atakapan language. Their former home is
thought to have been along Caney Creek.
Pueblos. There were two late settlements of Pueblo Indians, Isleta del Sur
and Senecfi del Sur, near El Paso, Tex., composed principally of Indians
brought back by Governor Otermin in 1681 after an unsuccessful attempt to
subdue the Pueblo Indians of the Rio Grande. Senecii del Sur was, however,
actually in Chihuahua, Mexico. The people of these pueblos are now almost
completely Mexicanized. (See New Mexico.)
Quapaw. Between 1823 and 1833 the Quapaw lived with the Caddo Indians in
northwestern Louisiana and northeastern Texas, and one band of them known
as Imaha were reckoned as a constituent element of the Caddo Confederacy.
(See Arkansas.)
Shawnee. A band of Shawnee entered eastern Texas for a brief period during
the middle of the nineteenth century. They were afterward moved to
Oklahoma. (See Tennessee.)
Shuman
More often known as Jumano or Humano,
significance unknown. (See
Shuman)
Tonkawan Tribes. The name derived from the most important
and only surviving tribe of the family. Gatschet (1891 a) says that
Tonkawa is a Waco word, Tonkaweya, meaning "they all stay together." The
synonyms are not to be confounded with those of the Tawakoni. Also called:
Kádiko, Kiowa name, probably a corruption of Kúikogo,
"man-eating men" (Gatschet, MS., B. A. E.).
Kariko, Comanche name, from above.
K`inähi-píäko, Kiowa name, meaning "maneaters" (Mooney, 1898).
Konkona or
Komkome, early French name.
Maneaters, common translation of some of above synonyms.
Miúχsĕn, Cheyenne name.
Némeréχka, Comanche name (Gatschet, MS., B. A. E.).
Títskan wátitch, own name.
Connections. The Tonkawan tribes constitute a distinct linguistic family
but with affinities for the Coahuiltecan and probably Karankawan and
Tunican groups.
Location. In central Texas from Cibolo Creek on the southwest to within a
few miles of Trinity River on the northeast. (See also
Oklahoma.)
Subdivisions.
The tribes or bands certainly included under this head were the Tonkawa,
Yojuane, Mayeye, and Ervipiame, but there should probably be added the
Sana, Emet, Cava, Toho, Tohaha, Quiutcanuaha, Tenu, Tetzino, Tishin,
Tusolivi, and Ujuiap, and perhaps also the Nonapho, Sijame, Simaomo,
Muruam, Pulacuam, and Choyapin, though the last three at least were
probably Coahuiltecan.
History. Tribes of Tonkawan stock were undoubtedly encountered by Cabeza
de Vaca early in the sixteenth century; certainly so if the Muruam were
Tonkawan for they are evidently his Mariames. In 1691 the Tonkawa and
Yojuane are mentioned by Francisco Casanas de Jesus Maria as enemies of
the Hasinai (Swanton, 1942, p. 251), and in 1714 the Yojuane destroyed the
main fire temple of the Hasinai. Between 1746 and 1749 the Tonkawa were
gathered into missions on San Xavier (San Gabriel) River but these were
given up in 1756, and 2 years later the Tonkawa assisted in the
destruction of the San Saba Mission established for the Apache. From that
time until well into the nineteenth century the tribe continued to reside
in the same section, rarely settling down for any considerable period. In
1855 they and several other Texas tribes were gathered by the United
States Government on two small reservations on Brazos River. In 1859
however, the threatening attitude of their white neighbors resulted in
their removal to Washita River in what is now Oklahoma. On the night of
October 25, 1862, the Tonkawa camp there was fallen upon by a body of
Delaware, Shawnee, and Caddo Indians desiring to pay off old scores but
pretending that the Tonkawa and their agent were in sympathy with the
Southern Confederacy. Out of about 300
Tonkawa 137 were massacred, and the survivors, after some years of
miserable wandering, were gathered into Fort Griffin, Tex., where they
might be protected from their enemies. In 1884 all that were left were
given a small reservation in northern Oklahoma, near the Ponca, where
their descendants still live.
Population. Mooney (1928) estimated that in 1690 there were about 1,600
Tonkawa. A Spanish estimate of 1778 gives 300 warriors but the following
year, after an epidemic of smallpox, this is cut in half. In 1782, 600
were said to have attended a certain meeting and this was only a portion
of the tribe. Sibley (1832) estimated that in 1805 they had 200 men. In
1809 there were said to be 250 families and in 1828, 80. In 1847 the
official estimate was 150 men. Before the massacre of 1862 there were
supposed to be about 300 all told, but when they were placed on their
reservation in 1884 there were only 92. In 1908 there were 48 including a
few intermarried Lipan; the census of 1910 gave 42, but that of 1930
restores the figure to 48, and in 1937 there were said to be 51.
Connection in which they have become noted. The Tonkawan tribes have the
following claims to remembrance:
(1) On account of the uniqueness of their
language,
(2) for their reputed addiction to cannibalism,
(3) on account
of the massacre perpetrated upon them partly in consequence of this
reputation, as above described. The city of Tonkawa in Kay County, Okla.,
perpetuates the name.
Waco. The Waco were a subtribe or tribe of the Wichita group which lived
near the present Waco for a limited period before removal to Oklahoma.
Wichita. The Wichita lived for a time along both sides of Red River in
northern Texas. (See Oklahoma.)
