While we know our northern friends may not feel it, in the South, Spring is
here. So we thought we'd share a few of our gardening sites appropriate
for this time of the year. Along with gardening, there's grilling, and getting
ready to diet so that you can fit back into that bathing suit this summer!
Arapaho. According to tradition, the Arapaho at one time
lived in the neighborhood of the Black Hills and warriors of the tribe
often traversed the western parts of this State. (See Wyoming.)
Arikara. The Arikara lived at various points on the Missouri River in
South Dakota during their migration northward after separating from the
Skidi Pawnee. (See North Dakota.)
Cheyenne. From a Dakota term applied to them meaning "people of alien
speech," literally, "red talkers." Also called:
A-was-she-tan-qua, Hidatsa name (Long, 1791).
Báhakosin, Caddo name, meaning "striped arrows."
Dog Indians, so called sometimes owing to a confusion of the name with
the French word chien.
Dzǐtsi'stäs, own name.
Gatsalghi, Kiowa Apache name.
Hǐtäsi'na or
Ĭtăsi'nă. Arapaho name, meaning "scarred people."
I-sonsh'-pu-she,
Crow name.
Itah-Ischipahji, Hidatsa name (Maximilian, 1843).
I-ta-su-pu-zi, Hidatsa name, meaning "spotted arrow quills."
Ka'neaheăwastsǐk, Cree name, meaning "people with a language somewhat
like Cree."
Nanonǐks-karĕ'nǐki, Kichai name.
Niere'rikwats-kûni'ki, Wichita name.
Päg'ănăvo, Shoshoni and Comanche name, meaning "striped arrows."
Säk'o'ta,
Kiowa name.
Scarred Arms, from a misinterpretation of the tribal sign.
Sha-hō, Pawnee
name.
Connections. Cheyenne was one of the three most aberrant languages of the
Algonquian linguistic family, and was shared by no other tribe except the
Sutaio, whose speech differed only in minor points.
Location. This tribe moved frequently; in South Dakota they were
associated with the Cheyenne River and the Black Hills. (See also
Colorado, Kansas, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma,
and Wyoming.)
Subdivisions
Following are the bands which had a well-recognized place in the camp
circle, as given by Mooney (1928); Hevǐgs'-nǐ"pahǐs, Mŏǐséyu, Wŭ'tapíu,
Hévhaitä'nio, Oǐ'vimána, Hǐsíometä'nio, Sŭtáio (formerly a distinct
tribe; see below), Oqtógŭnă,
Hó'nowă,
Măsǐ"kotă, O'mǐ'sǐs. Other band names not commonly recognized as
divisional names, are these: Mogtávhaitä'niu, Ná'kuimána, Anskówǐnǐs, Pǐ'nûtgû', Máhoyum, Wóopotsǐ't, Totoimana (on Tongue River), Black Lodges
(near Lame Deer), Ree Band, Yellow Wolf Band, Half-breed Band.
History. Before 1700 the Cheyenne lived in what is now the State of
Minnesota. There are very definite traditions of a time when they were on
Minnesota River, from which region the Cheyenne who visited La Salle's
fort in Illinois in 1680 probably came. A little later they seem to have
moved to the neighborhood of Lake Traverse and still later part of them
occupied a stockaded town on the Sheyenne River of North Dakota near the
present Lisbon, N. Dak. Some years before 1799, perhaps in the decade 1780
to 1790, this town was surprised by Chippewa Indians and destroyed while
most of the men were off hunting. The Cheyenne who escaped first settled
along the Missouri where other bands of Cheyenne seem to have preceded
them. There were a number of villages belonging to the tribe along the
Missouri near the point where the boundary line between North and South
Dakota crosses it until just before the time of Lewis and Clark, or, as
Grinnell (1923) believes, for a number of years after the date of their
expedition (1804-1806). However, they accustomed themselves more and more
to a nomadic life and moved on toward the Black Hills whither they had
been preceded by a cognate tribe known as the Sutaio. It is very probable
that the Cheyenne had met the Sutaio east of the Missouri. At first the
attitude of the two people toward each other is said to have been hostile,
but presently they became friendly and finally united. On leaving the
Missouri, the Cheyenne seem to have given up raising corn and making
pottery. During the early part of the nineteenth century they moved to the
headwaters of the Platte. When Bent's Fort was built on the upper Arkansas
in 1832 a large part decided to establish themselves near it but the rest
continued to rove about the headwaters of the North Platte and the
Yellowstone. This separation in the tribe was made permanent by the Treaty
of Fort Laramie in 1851, the two sections being known respectively as
Southern Cheyenne and Northern Cheyenne. In the meantime they had met and
formed an alliance with the Arapaho, though there is no memory of the date
or the circumstances.
They were at war with the Kiowa from the time of their settlement on the
upper Arkansas until 1840, but afterward acted with them against other tribes and the Whites. In 1849 they
suffered severely in the cholera epidemic, and later between 1860 and
1878, in wars with the Whites. The southern division took a leading part
in the general outbreak of 1874-75, and the Northern Cheyenne joined the
hostile Dakota in 1876 and shared in the Custer massacre. Finally, the
Northern Cheyenne were assigned a reservation in Montana. The Southern
Cheyenne were similarly assigned to a reservation in the present Oklahoma
in 1867 but could not be induced to remain upon it until after the general
surrender of 1875. In 1901--02 the lands of the Southern Cheyenne were
allotted in severalty.
Population. Mooney (1928) places the number of Cheyenne and Sutaio at
3,500 in 1780. In 1904 the number of Southern Cheyenne was given as 1,903,
and the Northern Cheyenne as 1,409, a total of 3,312. The census of 1910
returned 3,055, of whom 1,522 were in Oklahoma and 1,346 in Montana, but
the United States Indian Office Report of 1923 gives 3,248, composed of
1,831 Southern Cheyenne, and 1,417 Northern Cheyenne. The census of 1930
returned 2,695, the Northern Cheyenne being slightly more numerous then
the Southern division. In 1937 there were 1,561 Northern Cheyenne and
2,836 Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho together.
Connection in which they have become noted. This Cheyenne tribe
was one of the most famous of the Plains, and was conspicuous on account
of the frequent wars which it waged against other tribes, as well as
against the Whites. It is also noted on account of its romantic history,
having originally been a corn-raising tribe in southern Minnesota and
later having become thoroughly adjusted to Plains life. The name is
preserved by the State Capital of Wyoming; by a river in South Dakota; by
counties in Colorado, Nebraska, and Kansas; by the Cheyenne Mountains and
Canons in Colorado; by a river of North Dakota (spelled Sheyenne; and by
Cheyenne Wells in Colorado, and Sheyenne in Eddy County, N. Dak. There is
also a place of the name in Roger Mills County, Okla.; and another in
Winkler County, Tex.
Dakota. Signifying "allies" in the Santee or eastern dialect; in Yankton
and in Assiniboin it is Nakota; in Teton, Lakota. They are more often
known as Sioux, an abbreviation of Nadouessioux, the name applied to them
by the Chippewa, as transmitted through French; it signifies "adders," and
by derivation "enemies." Also called:
Ab-boin-ug, Boinug or Obwahnug, Wanak, Chippewa
name, meaning
"roasters" from their custom of torturing foes.
Ba-akush', Caddo name.
Ba-ra-shūp'-gi-o, Crow name.
Chah'-ra-rat, Pawnee name.
Coupe-gorges, French rendering of a name given them in the sign language.
Cut-throats, English equivalent of same.
Hand Cutters, translation of Ute
name.
Its ha'tski, Hidatsa name, meaning "long arrows."
Kaispa, Sarsi
name.
K'odalpa-Kiñago, Kiowa name, meaning "necklace people."
Mar-an-sho-bish-ko,
Crow name, meaning "cutthroats."
Minishúpsko, Crow name of opprobrious
meaning.
Nadouessioux, general Algonquian name received through the French.
Natni
or Natnihina, Arapaho, meaning "cutthroats."
Na'-to-wo-na, Cheyenne name
for easternmost bands of Sioux.
Nuktusem or Nktusein, Salish name.
Ocheti
shakowin, own nanie, meaning "the seven council fires."
O-o'-ho-mo-i'-o,
Cheyenne name, meaning "those on the outside."
Oshahak, Fox name.
Pambizimina, Shoshoni name, meaning "beheaders."
Pámpe Chyimina, Ute name,
meaning "Hand Cutters."
Papitsinima, Comanche name, meaning "beheaders."
Píshakulk, Yakima name, meaning "beheaders."
Poualak or Pouanak, name given in early French records, for Ab-boin-ug.
Sáhagi, Shawnee name.
Shahañ, Osage, Kansa, and Oto name.
Shánana, Kiowa Apache name.
Tsaba'kosh, or Ba-akush', Caddo name, meaning "cutthroats."
Túyĕchískĕ,
Comanche name, meaning "cutthroats."
Wä-sä-sa-o-no, Iroquois name.
Yunssáha, Wyandot name, meaning "birds."
Connections. The Dakota belonged to the Siouan linguistic family, their
closest relations being the Hidatsa.
Location. The earliest known home of this tribe was on and near the
Mississippi in southern Minnesota, northwestern Wisconsin, and neighboring
parts of Iowa. In 1825, after they had spread somewhat farther west, Long
(1791) gives their boundaries thus: They were bounded by a curved line
extending east of north from Prairie du Chien on the Mississippi, so as to
include all the eastern tributaries of the Mississippi, to the first
branch of Chippewa River; thence by a line running west of north to Spirit
Lake; thence westwardly to Crow Wing River, Minn., and up that stream to
its head; thence westwardly to Red River and down that stream to Pembina;
thence southwestwardly to the eastern bank of the Missouri near the Mandan
villages; thence down the Missouri to a point probably not far from
Soldiers River; thence east of north to Prairie du Chien. At a later time
they occupied less territory toward the east but extended much farther
westward between the Yellowstone and Platte Rivers. (See also
Iowa, Minnesota,
Missouri,
Montana,
Nebraska,
North Dakota,
Wisconsin,
Wyoming, and Canada.)
Subdivisions
Early explorers usually distingtuished an Eastern or Forest and a Western
or Prairie division, but the following is a more accurate classification:
Numbers
1 to 4 constituted the Santee or Eastern division.
Minor Bands, Villages, Etc.
Black Tiger, near Fort Peck Agency.
Broken Arrows, possibly the Cazazhita.
Casarba, 35 leagues up St. Peters River in 1804.
Cazazhita, probably Tetons and perhaps the same as the Wannawega.
Chansuushka, unidentified.
Chasmuna, unidentified.
Cheokhba, a band of the Hunkpapa Teton.
Congewichacha, a Dakota division, perhaps Teton.
Farmers Band, probably a band of the Mdewakanton, below Lake
Traverse, Minn.
Fire Lodge, below Lake Traverse.
Flandreau Indians, a part of the Santee who settled at Flandreau, S. Dak.
Grey Eagle Band, below Lake Traverse, Minn.
Lake Comedu, unidentified.
Lean Bear, below Lake Traverse, Minn.
Long Sioux, near Fort Peck.
Magayuteshni, a Mdewakanton division.
Menostamenton, unidentified.
Micacoupsiba, on the upper St. Peters, Minn.
Minisha, an Oglala band.
Neecoweegee, unidentified, possibly Minneconjou.
Nehogatawonahs, near St. Croix River in Minnesota or Wisconsin.
Newastarton, an unidentified band on the Mississippi above the St.
Peters
(Minnesota) River; probably the Mdewakanton.
Ocatameneton, an eastern Dakota band.
Ohanhanska, a band of the Magayuteshni division of the Mdewakanton
on Minnesota River.
Oughetgeodatons, a village or subdivision of one of the western bands.
Oujatespouitons, west of the Mississippi.
Peshlaptechela, an Oglala Teton band.
Pineshow, a band of Wahpeton, on Minnesota River, 15 miles from its mouth.
Psinchaton, belonging to the Western Dakota in Minnesota.
Psinoumanitons,
a division of the Eastern Dakota, probably in Wisconsin.
Psinoutanhinhintons, a band of Western Dakota in Minnesota.
Rattling Moccasin Band, a band of Mdewakanton Dakota on Minnesota River below Lake Traverse, Minn.
Red Leg's Band, a Wahpekute band in
Minnesota. Redwood, location uncertain.
Star Band, a hand of Mdewakanton.
Takini, an Upper Yanktonai
band.
Talonapin, a Hunkpapa band.
Tashunkeota, a Sihasapa band.
Tateihombu's Band, location uncertain.
Touchouasintons, a band of the Western Dakota, perhaps the Wazikute.
Traverse de Sioux, a part of the Sisseton formerly on Minnesota River,
Minn.
Waktonila, unidentified.
Wazikute, a band of Upper Yanktonai.
White Cap Indians, on the south Saskatchewan River, in Assiniboia, Canada.
White Eagle Band, location unknown.
Wiattachechah, an unidentified village.
History. The first historical mention of the Dakota is in the Jesuit
Relation for 1640 when they were probably in the eastern part of the
territory indicated above. Rev. A. L. Riggs, for many years a missionary
among them, claims that their traditions pointed to the northeast as the
place of their origin and that they once lived about the Lake of the
Woods. There are, however, strong grounds for believing that they pushed
their way up into the present Minnesota from the southeast, though there
is no doubt that the Chippewa forced them back in later times from some of
the most easternmost lands they occupied and their expulsion from Mille
Lacs is an historical event. It is thought that few Dakota crossed the
Missouri before 1750, yet it is claimed that some of them reached the
Black Hills by 1765. In 1862 the Eastern Dakota under Little Crow rose
upon the Whites and in the war which followed 700 settlers and 100
soldiers were killed, while the hostile bands lost all of the rest of
their lands in Minnesota and were forced to move to Dakota and Nebraska.
On the discovery of gold in the Black Hills the rush of miners to that
region became the occasion for a war with the Western Dakota rendered
famous by the cutting off of General Custer and five companies of cavalry
on the Little Bighorn, June 25, 1876. An incipient rising at Wounded Knee
Creek, resulting from the spread of the Ghost Dance religion, was the last
scene of the struggles between the Dakota and the Whites, and the tribe is
now allotted lands in severalty, principally in South Dakota, but in part
in North Dakota and Nebraska.
Population. Mooney (1928) estimated that in 1780 there were 25,000 Dakota
of all divisions, exclusive of the Assiniboin (q. v. under Montana). In
1904 their distribution on agencies and their numbers were as follows:
Cheyenne River (Minniconjou, Sans Arcs, and Oohenonpa), 2,477; Crow Creek
(Lower Yanktonai), 1,025; Fort Totten School (Sisseton, Wahpeton, and
Yanktonai), 1,013; Riggs Institute (Santee), 279; Fort Peck (Yankton),
1,116; Lower Brule (Lower Brul6), 470; Pine Ridge (Oglala), 6,690; Rosebud
(Brul6, Waglukhe, Lower Brul6, Northern, Oohenonpa, and Wazhazha), 4,977;
Santee (Santee), 1,075; Sisseton (Sisseton and Wahpeton), 1,908; Standing
Rock (Sihasapa, Hunkpapa, and Yanktonai), 3,514; Yankton (Yankton), 1,702; under no agency (Mdewakanton in Minnesota)
929; total, 27,175. The census of 1930 returned 25,934, of whom 20,918
were in South Dakota, 2,307 in North Dakota, 1,251 in Montana, 690 in
Nebraska, and the remainder in more than 22 other States. The Report of
the United States Office of Indian Affairs for 1937 gave 33,625, including
27,733 in South Dakota, 2,797 in North Dakota, 1,292 in Nebraska, 1,242 in
Minnesota, and 561 in Montana.
Connections in which they have become noted. The Dakota are one
of the most famous tribes of North America, thanks to their numbers and
prowess, their various wars with the Whites and the spectacular character
of one of the last encounters with them, the celebrated "Custer massacre,"
not to mention the conspicuous nature of their connection with the Ghost
Dance cult and the tragic affray at Wounded Knee Creek which grew out of
it. The name is preserved in two of the States of our Union, North and
South Dakota; by a river which flows through them; by counties in
Minnesota and Nebraska; and by places in Stephenson County, Ill.; Winona
County, Minn.; in Wisconsin and Nebraska; and as Dakota City in Humboldt
County, Iowa, and Dakota County, Nebr. The other popular name for this
tribe, Sioux, has been given to Sioux City, Iowa, and Sioux Falls, S.
Dak.; to counties in Iowa and Nebraska; and small places in Nebraska,
Iowa, and Minnesota; as Sioux in Yancey County, N. C.; Sioux Center in
Sioux County, Iowa; Sioux Rapids in Buena Vista County, Iowa; and Sioux
Pass in Richland County, Mont. It appears as Lacota (the Teton form of the
name) in Marion County, Fla., and Van Buren County, Mich., and with the
spelling Lakota in Kossuth County, Iowa; Nelson County, N. Dak.; and
Culpeper County, Va.
Kiowa. The Kiowa lived in and about the Black Hills for a time before they
were succeeded by the Sutaio and Cheyenne. (See
Oklahoma.)
Mandan. According to tradition, this tribe reached the Missouri River near
the mouth of White River, and settled at several places along the former
within the borders of this State before passing out of it into North
Dakota. (See North Dakota.)
Omaha. After having been driven from the region of the Pipestone Quarry in
Minnesota, the Omaha settled on the Missouri in the territory of South
Dakota and later moved downstream under pressure from the Dakota to their
later seats in Nebraska. (See Nebraska.)
Ponca. This tribe was with the Omaha when it left the region of the
Pipestone Quarry, but separated from it on the Missouri and went into the
Black Hills for a time, after which it retired to the Missouri and settled
in the present Nebraska. (See Nebraska.)
Sutaio. Significance uncertain. A Cheyenne informant of Grinnell
(1923) believed it was derived from issūht', "ridge."
Connection. The Sutaio belonged to the Algonquian linguistic stock, their
nearest relatives being the Cheyenne.
Location.-When first brought distinctly to the knowledge of Whites, this
tribe was west of Missouri River, between it and the Black Hills.
History. The Sutaio may have been the "Chousa" band of Cheyenne of whom
Perrin du Lac (1805) heard. At any rate they were probably not far distant
from the Cheyenne during their migrations from Minnesota to the Missouri
River and beyond, though whether in front of them, or to one side, it is
impossible to tell. According to Cheyenne tradition as reported by
Grinnell (1923), the two tribes met three different times. At any rate we
know that they lived side by side in the region eastward of the Black
Hills for some time and that they finally united there into one body, the
Sutaio taking their place as one band in the Cheyenne tribal camping
circle.
Winnebago. After leaving Minnesota in 1862 and before they took refuge
with the Omaha, part of this tribe lived for a while on the Crow Creek
Reservation. (See Wisconsin.)
