While we know our northern friends may not feel it, in the South, Spring is
here. So we thought we'd share a few of our gardening sites appropriate
for this time of the year. Along with gardening, there's grilling, and getting
ready to diet so that you can fit back into that bathing suit this summer!
Bannock. From their own name Bana'kwŭt. Also called:
Diggers, by many writers.
Ogoize, by the Kalispel.
Panai'ti, form of name given by Hoffman (1886).
Pun-nush, by the Shoshoni.
Robber Indians, by Ross (1855).
Ush-ke-we-ah, by the Crow Indians.
Connections. The Bannock belonged to the Shoshonean branch of the
Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock, being a detached branch of the Northern
Paiute.
Location.—In historic times their main center was in southeastern Idaho,
ranging into western Wyoming, between latitude 42° and 45° North and from
longitude 113° West eastward to the main chain of the Rocky Mountains. At
times they spread well down Snake River, and some were scattered as far
north as Salmon River and even into southern Montana. (See also
Colorado,
Oregon, and
Utah.)
Subdivisions.
A few local group names have been preserved, such as the Kutsshundika or
Buffalo-eaters, Penointikara or Honey-eaters, and Shohopanaiti or
Cottonwood Bannock, but these are not well defined.
History. Bridger met the Bannock Indians in the country above indicated as
early as 1829, but contacts between them and the Whites became much more
intimate with the establishment of Fort Hall in 1834. In 1869 Fort Hall
Reservation was set aside for them and the Shoshoni, but they were in the
habit of wandering widely and it was a long time before they were gathered
into it. They claimed the territory in southwestern Montana in which are
situated Virginia City and Bozeman, and it is probable that they were
driven across the mountains into the Salmon River Valley at a
comparatively recent period. Before 1853 they were decimated by the
smallpox and were
finally gathered under the Lemhi and Fort Hall agencies. Loss of their
lands, failure of the herds of buffalo, and lack of prompt relief on the
part of the Government occasioned an uprising of the tribe in 1878, which
was suppressed by General O. O. Howard.
Population.
Bridger, in 1829, stated that the Bannock had 1,200 lodges, or a
population of about 8,000, but he evidently included the neighboring
Shoshoni. Mooney (1928) estimated that in 1845 there were about 1,000, but
Forney, in 1858 (p. 213) gave only 400 to 500. In 1870 Jones estimated 600
and Mann 800 "Northern Bannocks." In 1901 they numbered 513 but were so
intermixed with Shoshoni that the figure is uncertain. The census of 1910
reported 413, all but 50 of whom were in Idaho, and the census of 1930
gave 415, including 313 in Idaho. In 1937, 342 were reported.
Connections in which they have become noted. The only prominence attained
by the Bannock was for a brief period during the Bannock War. The name is
perpetuated by a river, a range of mountains, and a county. There is also
a place named Bannock in Belmont County, Ohio, and another in Butler
County, Ky., but these are probably not connected with the tribe.
Kalispel. From a native term said to mean "Camas"; they were given the
name Pend d'Oreilles, because when they were first met by Europeans nearly
all of them wore large shell earrings. Also called:
Ak-min'-e-shu'-me, by the Crow and meaning "the tribe that uses canoes".
Camas People, a translation of Kalispel.
Earring People, an English translation of Pend d'Oreilles.
Hanging Ears, English translation of Pend d'Oreilles.
Ni-he-ta-te-tup'i-o, Siksika name.
Papshptln`lema, Yakima name, signifying "people of the great fir trees."
Connections. The Kalispel belonged to the interior division of the great
Salishan family.
Location. On Pend Oreille River and Lake, Priest Lake, and the lower
course of Clark's Fork. They were said to have extended east-ward to
Thompson Lake and Horse Plains and to have hunted over
some of the Salmon River country, Canada, and were formerly said to have
extended to Flathead Lake and Missoula. (See also
Montana and
Washington.)
Subdivisions
(1) Upper Kalispel or Upper Pend d'Oreilles (in Montana from Flathead Lake
and Flathead River to about Thompson Falls on Clark Fork of the Pend
Oreille River, including the Little Bitterroot, southward about to
Missoula and north-ward to the International Boundary), with bands at
Flathead Lake, near Kalispel, at or near Dayton, near Poison at the foot
of the lake, and possibly one at Columbia Falls; some wintered on the
Bitterroot and a large band at St. Ignatius.
(2) Lower Kalispel or Lower Pend d'Oreilles or Kalispel
proper (from Thompson Falls down Clark Fork, Pend Oreille Lake, Priest
Lake, and Pend Oreille River nearly to the International Boundary and
hunting territories along Salmon River, British Columbia).
(3) The Chewelah (in the country west of the Calispell or Chewelah
Mountains in the upper part of the Colville Valley).
The Lower Kalispel also included several minor bands, the Chewelah
apparently two. The Chewelah subdivision spoke a slightly different
dialect and was sometimes regarded as an independent tribe.
History. The Kalispel were visited by Lewis and Clark in 1805, and in 1809
a post was established on Pend Oreille Lake by the Northwest Company and
another on Clark Fork the same year called Salish House. Emissaries of the
American Fur Company reached them later, and in 1844 they were missionized
by the Roman Catholic Church. July 16, 1855, the Upper Kalispel, Kutenai,
and Salish surrendered all of their lands except an area about Flathead
Lake which became the Jocko Reservation. The greater part of the Kalispel
settled here, but part of the Lower Kalispel were gathered on Colville
Reservation with the Okanagon, Colville, and a number of other tribes.
Population. Mooney (1928) estimated that the Kalispel numbered 1,200 in
1780, but Teit (1930) considered that the prehistoric population must have
been between 5,000 and 6,500, an estimate which would seem to be
excessive. In 1805 Lewis and Clark estimated that there were 30 lodges of
these people and a population of 1,600. In 1905 there were 640 Upper and
197 Lower Pend d'Oreilles under the Flathead Agency (Jocko Reservation)
and 98 under the Colville Agency. The census of 1910 reported 386 from
Montana, 157 from Washington, 15 from Idaho, and 6 from three other
States. They were not separately enumerated in 1930, but the United States
Office of Indian Affairs reported 97 in 1937.
Connections in which they have become noted. The name Kalispel is
preserved in that of the banking city of Kalispell, county seat of
Flathead County, Mont., by Calispell Lake, and by the Calispell Mountains.
The name Pend d'Oreilles is preserved in Pend Oreille Lake in northern
Idaho and in Pend Oreille River in Montana, Idaho, and Washington.
Kutenai. This tribe occupied the extreme northern part of Idaho. (See
Montana.)
Connections. The Northern Shoshoni belonged to the Shoshoni-Comanche
dialectic group of the Shoshonean division of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic
family.
Location. The Northern Shoshoni occupied eastern Idaho, except the
territory held by the Bannock; western Wyoming; and north-eastern Utah.
Subdivisions.
Their only subdivisions were a number of bands headed by popular chiefs,
the make up of which was constantly shifting.
Villages
Lemhi and Central Idaho:
Bohodai, near the junction of Middle Fork with the
Salmon, and an unnamed
site on upper Salmon River where a few families from Sohodai sometimes
wintered.
Guembeduka, about 7 miles north of the town of Salmon.
Padai, scattered along Lemhi River about Salmon.
Pagadut, on Red Rock Creek, about Liina,
Mont.; possibly a few families lived
near Dillon, Mont.
Pasasigwana, at a warm spring in the mountains north of Clayton. Pasimadai,
on
Upper Salmon River.
Sohodai, on the upper Middle Fork of Salmon River, near Three Rivers.
Fort
Hall Shoshoni:
No band names given.
Bannock Creek (Kamduka) Shoshoni (Pocatello's Band) :
Biagamugep, the principal village, near Kelton.
Cache Valley (Pangwiduka) Kwagunogwai:
Along the Logan River above its junction with the Little Bear River. Salt
Lake Valley:
There are said to have been bands in the Ogden, Weber, and Salt Lake
Valleys, but their names have not been preserved; they are sometimes
called Ute, but Steward is certain that they were affiliated with the
Shoshoni.
History. At one time the Northern Shoshoni extended farther
eastward into the Plains but there is no reason to suppose that they did
not at the same time retain the mountain territories later held by
them. They were affected only indirectly by the Spanish settlements to the
south and southwest. In 1805 they were met by Lewis and Clark who were
guided by a famous woman of their nation, Sacagawea, and from that time on
contact with the Americans became fairly common. The Northern Shoshoni,
particularly those under the famous chief Washakie, were unusually
friendly to the Whites. They were finally gathered upon the Lemhi and Fort
Fall Reservations in Idaho and the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming. By
the Treaty of Fort Bridger, July 3, 1868, the eastern bands of the
Shoshoni and Bannock ceded all rights to their territories in Wyoming and
Idaho except the Wind River Reservation in the former state for the
Shoshoni and a reservation to be set apart for the Bannock whenever they
desired it. On July 30, 1869, Fort Hall Reservation was set aside
for the Bannock but subsequently occupied in part by the Shoshoni.
February 12, 1875, the Lemhi Reservation was established for these
two tribes and the Sheepeater band of Western Shoshoni.
Population. Mooney
(1928) estimated 4,500 in the year 1845, including the Western Shoshoni.
The United States Census of 1910
gave 3,840 "Shoshoni," of which number about 2,000 appear to have belonged
to this division. The Report of the Office for Indian Affairs
of 1917 indicated about 2,200. The census of 1930 reported 3,994 for the
Northern and Western Shoshoni combined, but in 1937 the United States
Office of Indian Affairs reported 3,650 Northern
Shoshoni alone.
Connections in which they have become noted. The Northern Shoshoni are the
most prominent and strongest tribe of the upper plateau. They were also
distinguished by the fact that their name was employed by Gallatin (1936)
and later adopted by Powell (1891) for application
to a linguistic stock, a stock now considered a branch of a much larger
group, the Uto-Aztecan. The Shoshoni came into prominence in the last
century
(1) because Sacagawea or Bird Woman, the famous guide and
interpreter of Lewis and Clark in their expedition to the
Pacific, was a member of this tribe; and
(2) because of the ability of
chief Washakie and his constant friendship for the 'Whites.
The name
Shoshone has been applied to rivers and mountains in Wyoming and Nevada;
to a lake in Yellowstone National Park; to the Shoshone Falls of Snake
River; to a county in Idaho; and to places in Inyo
County, Calif.; Lincoln County, Idaho; White Pine County, Nev.; and
Fremont County, Wyo.
