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Menominee Indian Tribe
Location
Menominee. Meaning "Wild Rice Men," because
they lived largely upon the wild rice of the lakes in and near their
country. Hence the French "Nation de la Folle Avoine," and English "Wild
Rice Men."
Also called:
Addle-Heads, a misinterpretation of Folles Avoines.
Omanomini, Chippewa name.
White Indians, so given by Long (in Keating, 1824).
Connections
The Menominee belonged to the
Algonquian linguistic family and to the same section as
the Cree and Foxes.
Location
On and near the Menominee River, Wis.
(See also
Michigan.)
Subdivisions
As given by Skinner, 1921
Kaka'pa'kato' Wini'niwûk,
"Barricade Falls people," at Keshena Falls of Wolf River.
Kakä'nikone Tusi'-niniwflg, "Portage
people," at Portage, Wis.
Kipisa'`kia Wini'wiwûk, "River Mouth
people," at Prairie du Chien.
Mani'towûk Tusi'niniwûg,
"Manitou Place people," at Manitowoc, Wis.
Mäte Sue'mako Tusi'niniu,
"Great Sand Bar people," on the sand dunes at what is now called Big
Suamico, on Green Bay.
Minika'ni Wini'niwuk, "Village people," at the mouth of Menominee River.
Misi'nimäk Kimiko Wini'niwûk,
"Michilimackinac People," near the old fort at
Mackinac, Mich. "
Muhwä o Se'peo Wini'niwûk,
"Wolf River people, on the upper stretches of Wolf River.
Namä'o Wikito' Tusi niu,
"Sturgeon Bay people, at Sturgeon Bay.
Nomä'kokon Se'peo Tusi'niniwûg,
Beaver River people, near Winneconne, Fond du Lao, and Oshkosh.
Oka to Wini'niwûk, "Pike Place
people," at the mouth the Oconto River River. Pä'sä'tiko
Wini'niwûk, "Peshtigo River people,"
at the mouth of the Peshtigo River.
Powahehe'kune Tusi'niniwûg,
"Rice-gathering-placepeople," on Lake Poygan.
Sua'makosa Tusi'niniu, "Little Sand Dune people, on the
sandhills of Little Suamico.
Wi'skos Se'peo Wini'niwûk, "Wisconsin
River people"-the name Wisconsin being derived from wi'skos or wi'skos,
"muskrat"-on the Mississippi near Wisconsin River.
There were other settlements of Menominee at Milwaukee
and at Fort Howard
in the present city of Green Bay.
About the time of the arrival of the Whites the old bands
were broken up or renamed after their chiefs, and the following bands of this
kind are recorded by Hoffman:
Aia'niiqta
Äqkâmot
Kēshok, or Kē'so
Le Motte
Mä'nabŭ'shō
O'hopē'sha
Osh'kosh
Pěsh'tiko, evidently one of the
old local groups.
Piwä'gtinet
Sha'kitŏk
Shu'nu'ni'ŭ or Shu'nien
History
Tradition says that the Menominee were driven into the region
later identified with them, from the neighborhood of Michilimackinac, but when
they were first known to white men they were already there, and they remained
there until 1854, though their villages sometimes extended to Fox River and
their later claims reached to the mouth of Milwaukee River on Lake Michigan and
on the west side of Green Bay to the headwaters of Menominee and Fox Rivers.
Westward they claimed the height of land between Green Bay and Lake Superior. In
1854 they ceded all their lands except a reserve on Wolf River, where they have
continued to the present day.
Population
Mooney (1928) estimates that there were 3,000 Menominee in
1650. The most conservative estimates made during the nineteenth century range
from 1,600 to 1,900. In the first decade of the twentieth century their numbers
were placed at 1,600, of whom 1,370 were under the Green Bay School
superintendency, Wisconsin. The census of 1910 returned 1,422; 1,350 in
Wisconsin and the rest scattered over 8 States. The United States Indian Office
Report for 1923 gave 1,838. The census of 1930 returned 1,969, and the United
States Indian Office Report of 1937, 2,221.
Connection in which they have become noted
The name Menominee has become applied to a county in
Michigan and a city of some size in the same State, also to a small place in
Illinois. In the form Menomonee, it is given to a considerable river of
Wisconsin which flows into Green Bay, and to various other places in Wisconsin.
A city in the same State, capital of Dunn County, bears the name Menomonie.
Menomonee Falls are in Waukesha County, Wis. There is a place called Menominee
in Menominee County, Mich.
Additional Resources
Notes About the Book:
Source: The Indian Tribes of North America, by John R. Swanton, 1953, Bureau of
American Ethnology, Bulletin 145, US Government Printing Office, Washington DC.
Online Publication: The manuscript was scanned and then ocr'd. Minimal editing
has been done, and readers can and should expect some errors in the textual
output.
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