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Kickapoo Indian Tribe
Location
Kickapoo.
From Kiwegapaw`, "he stands about," "he moves about, standing now here,
now there."
Also called:
A'-uyax, Tonkawa name, meaning "deer eaters."
Higabu, Omaha and Ponca name.
I'-ka-dŭ', Osage name.
Shake-kah-quah, Wichita name.
Shígapo, Shikapu, Apache name.
Sik'-a-pu, Comanche name.
Tékapu, Huron name.
Yuatara'ye-ru'nu, a second Huron name, meaning "tribe living
around the lakes."
Connections
The Kickapoo belonged to the
Algonquian linguistic stock, and in a special group with
the Foxes and Sauk.
Location
For territory
occupied in Wisconsin, see History. (See also
Illinois,
Indiana,
Kansas,
Michigan,
Missouri,
Ohio, and
Oklahoma.)
Subdivisions and Villages
The villages were:
Etnataek (shared with the Foxes), rather a fortification than
a village, near the Kickapoo village on Sangamon River, Ill.
Kickspougowi, on the Wabash River in Crawford
County, Ill., about opposite the mouth of Turman Creek.
History
As suggested in the case of the Foxes, the Kickapoo may once
have lived near the Sauk in the lower peninsula of Michigan but such a residence
cannot be proven. If the name Outitcbakouk used by the Jesuit missionary Druillettes refers to
this tribe, as seems probable, knowledge of them was brought to Europeans
in 1658. At any rate they were visited by Allouez about 1667-70 and were
then near the portage between Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, perhaps about
Alloa, Columbia County, Wis. Early in the eighteenth century a part of
them settled somewhere near Milwaukee River, and after the destruction of
the Illinois about 1765, they moved still farther south and lived about
Peoria. One portion then pushed down to the Sangamon, while another worked
east to the Wabash, and made their headquarters on Vermilion River. The
former became known as the Prairie band and the latter as the Vermilion
band. They took part against the colonists in the War of 1812 and the
Black Hawk War, but in 1837 a hundred of them were engaged to assist the
United States Government against the Seminole. In 1809 and 1819 they ceded
their lands in Illinois and soon removed to Missouri and thence to Kansas.
About 1852 a large party of Kickapoo, along with some Potawatomi, went to
Texas and thence to Mexico, where they became known as "Mexican Kickapoo."
In 1863 another dissatisfied band joined them, and though in 1873 part
were induced to return to Indian Territory, and others afterward followed,
nearly half the tribe remained and were granted a reservation in the Santa
Rosa Mountains of eastern Chihuahua. The remainder are divided between
Oklahoma and Kansas.
Population
Mooney (1928) estimates that in 1650 there were 2,000
Kickapoo. In 1759 they were estimated at 3,000; in 1817, at 2,000; and in 1825,
at 2,200. In 1875 those in the United States were officially estimated at 706
and there were supposed to be about 100 more in Mexico. In 1885 those in the
United States were estimated at 500 and those in Mexico at 200. In 1905, 247
were reported in Oklahoma and 185 in Kansas, a total of 432, and almost as many
more were thought to be in Mexico. The census of 1910 returned 348 in the United
States, of whom 211 were in Kansas and 135 in Oklahoma. In 1923 the United
States Indian Office gave 277 in Kansas and 200 in Oklahoma, total 477. In 1930
there were 523, half in Kansas and half in Oklahoma. In 1937, 332 were returned
from Kansas and 260
from Oklahoma.
Connection in which they have become noted
The Kickapoo have given their name to a river in Wisconsin,
creeks in Illinois and Texas, and some small places in these States and Kansas.
Additional Resources
Notes About the Book:
Source: The Indian Tribes of North America, by John R. Swanton, 1953, Bureau of
American Ethnology, Bulletin 145, US Government Printing Office, Washington DC.
Online Publication: The manuscript was scanned and then ocr'd. Minimal editing
has been done, and readers can and should expect some errors in the textual
output.
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