While we know our northern friends may not feel it, in the South, Spring is
here. So we thought we'd share a few of our gardening sites appropriate
for this time of the year. Along with gardening, there's grilling, and getting
ready to diet so that you can fit back into that bathing suit this summer!
The State of Washington was
occupied by a great number of Indian tribes formerly very populous,
particularly those along the coast. There are few traditions regarding
migrations and those which we have apply almost entirely to the interior
people. After the Whites came it was unlikely that the Indians would move
eastward in the face of the invasion and impossible for them to move
westward; hence we do not have to trace various stages of long migrations
due to displacement by the Whites and the overland retreat which followed,
so marked in the history of the eastern Indians. Contrary to an older
view, which held that Salishan tribes formerly extended to the lower
Columbia and were driven north by Shahaptians, pushed forward in turn by
Shoshonean peoples, it seems that the relative positions of Salishans and
Shahaptians has been unchanged for an uncertain period of time and that,
as a matter of fact, the Shoshoneans have been pushed southward although
this movement was very recent. The Athapascan Kwalhioqua must represent a
comparatively late invasion although that may not have been so recent as
their anomalous position would lead one to suppose. There is also evidence
of a much earlier movement when the Salishans came down upon the coast.
The earliest European to meet any of the peoples of Washington was
probably Juan de Fuca, a Greek navigator sailing under the Spanish flag,
who, in 1592, visited the straits which now bear his name. Other Spanish
explorers followed, and were later succeeded by English and Americans. The
continual resort of trading vessels to Nootka on the west coast of
Vancouver Island served to distribute European commodities and had a
considerable influence among the tribes of Washington. In the latter part
of the eighteenth century traders of the Hudson Bay and Northwest
Companies made their appearance, but the Washington peoples first come
squarely out upon the stage of history with the descent of the Columbia by
Lewis and Clark in 1805-6. These pioneers gave the first general
description of the region, enumerated the aboriginal peoples found in
occupancy, and attempted estimates of their numbers. For some time
afterward the territory was dominated by representatives of British
companies and the land was claimed by England, while the only attempt to
exploit it on the part of Americans, the settlement of Astoria, was soon
abandoned. Following upon the acceptance of the 49th parallel of latitude
as the International Boundary, however, and still more the discovery of
gold in California and the opening up of the "Oregon trail," settlers from
the Eastern States began to pour in in numbers. It was thereafter
inevitable that friction should develop between the newcomers and the
aborigines. There were wars with the Nez Peru, Yakima, and other tribes,
but the Indians suffered less in this way than from European diseases,
particularly the smallpox, which began their ravages before Lewis and
Clark appeared, from spirituous liquors, and from a general dislocation of
their aboriginal adjustments. The destruction was greatest in the Columbia
Valley, which as the main artery of travel and trade was peculiarly
exposed to epidemics, and within a few years the greater part of the once
teeming populations of the lower valley were practically wiped out of
existence. Roman Catholic missions sprang up at an early date in the
eastern part of the territory, and were soon followed by those of
Protestant denominations, notable among which was that conducted among the
Cayuse by Marcus Whitman (1838-47). As in other parts of the United
States, the Indians gradually parted with their lands and were placed upon
reservations, though in most cases they were not removed so far from their
original homes as in the eastern parts of the Union.
The above sketch will show enough of the history
of most of the tribes in this area, though some details have been added in
certain cases (i. e., in connection with the Cayuse, Chilluckittequaw,
Chimakum, Chinook, Klickitat, and Yakima. (See Ray, 1932, and Spier and
Sapir, 1930.)
Cathlamet. Significance
unknown. Also called:
Guasámas, or Guithlamethl,
by the Clackamas.
Kathlamet, own name.
Kwillu'chini, by the Chinook.
Connections. The
Cathlamet belonged to the Chinookan stock. The dialect to which they have
given their name was spoken as far up the Columbia River as Ranier.
Location. On the south
bank of Columbia River near its mouth, claiming the territory between
Tongue Point and the neighborhood of Puget Island, and on the north bank
from the mouth of Grays Bay to a little east of Oak Point.
Villages.
Ika'naiak, on the north side of the Columbia River at the mouth
of Coal Creek Slough just east of Oak Point.
Ilo'humin, on the north side of Columbia River opposite Puget Island
and near the mouth of Alockman Creek.
Kathla'amat, on the south side of Columbia River about 4 miles below
Puget Island.
Ta'nas ilu', on Tanas Ilahee Island on the south side of the
Columbia River.
Wa'kaiyakam, across Alockman Creek opposite
Ilo'humin.
Population. Mooney (1928)
estimated 450 Cathlamet in 1780. In 1805-6 Lewis and Clark gave 300. In
1849 Lane reported 58. They are now extinct as a separate group.
Connection in which they have
become noted. The capital of Wahkiakum County, Washington, perpetuates
the name of the Cathlamet.
Cathlapotle. Meaning
"people of Lewis (Na'p!ōLx.) River."
Connections. The
Cathlapotle belonged to the Chinookan linguistic stock and were placed by
Spier (1936) in the Clackamas division of Upper Chinook but by Berreman
(1937) apparently with the Multnomah.
Location. On the lower
part of Lewis River and the southeast side of the Columbia River, in
Clarke County.
Villages. The main
village of the Cathlapotle was Nahpooitle, at the mouth of Lewis River,
but to this should perhaps be added Wakanasisi, opposite the mouth of
Willamette River.
Population. Mooney (1928)
estimated 1,300 Cathlapotle in 1780; Lewis and Clark, 900 in 1806.
Connection in which they have
become noted. Lewis River was once known by the name of Cathlapotle.
Cayuse. The Cayuse were
located about the heads of Wallawalla, Umatilla, and Grande Ronde Rivers,
extending from the Blue Mountains to Deschutes River, Washington and
Oregon. (See Oregon.)
Chehalis. Meaning "sand,"
the name derived originally, according to Gibbs (1877), from a village at
the entrance of Grays Harbor. Also called:
Atchiχe'lish, Calapooya
name.
Ilga't, Nestucca name.
Lower Chehalis, name used by Spier (1927).
Staq-tûbc, Puyallup name.
Connections. The Chehalis
belonged to the coastal division of the Salishan linguistic family, being
most intimately related to the Humptulips, Wynoochee, and Quinault.
Location. On the lower
course of Chehalis River, especially on the south side, and on the south
side of Grays Bay. In later times the Chehalis occupied territory to and
about Willapa Bay that had formerly been held by the Chinook.
Villages
Chehalis (Gibbs, 1877), on the south side of Grays
Harbor near Westport, in
country earlier occupied by the Chinook.
Chiklisilkh (Gibbs), at Point Leadbetter, Willapa Bay, in territory
earlier occupied by Chinook.
Hlakwun (Curtis, 1907-9), near Willapa on Willapa River in territory
earlier
occupied by the Chinook.
Kaulhlak (Curtis), at the head of Palux River, earlier in Chinook
country. Klumaitumsh (Gibbs and Boas personal information), given
doubtfully as the
name of a former band or village on the south side of Grays Harbor
at its
entrance.
Nai'yasap (Curtis), on Willapa River in territory earlier occupied
by Chinook. Nickomin (Swan 1857 and Boas, personal information), on
North River which
flows into Willapa Bay, in territory earlier occupied by the
Chinook. Noohooultch (Gibbs), on the south side of Grays Harbor.
Noosiatsks (Gibbs), on the south side of Grays Harbor.
Nooskoh (Gibbs), on a creek opposite Whishkah River.
Qyan (Gairdner, 1841), on the north point of Grays Harbor.
Talal (Gibbs), at Ford's Prairie on the Chehalis River near
Centralia, and therefore far outside of the Chehalis territory
proper.
Willapa, on Willapa River and in earlier Chinook country.
The following villages were
originally occupied by Chinook but seem to have shifted in population or
language or both so as to become Chehalis: Hwa'hots, Nutskwethlso'k,
Quela'ptonlilt, Quer'quelin, Tske'lsos.
Population. Mooney (1928)
estimated a population of 1,000 in the year 1780 for the Lower and Upper
Chehalis, the Cowlitz, the Humptulips, and related tribes, but the number
had sunk to 170 by 1907. However, the census of 1910 gives 282 for the
same group exclusive of the Cowlitz. In 1923 the United States Indian
Office returned 89, and in 1937, 131.
Connections in which they
have become noted. A river, county, and city in Washington preserve
the name of the Chehalis. There is a Chehalis in Minnesota but its name
probably has no connection with that of the Washington tribe.
Connections. An interior
Salish tribe speaking the Wenachee dialect and separated tentatively from
that tribe by Spier (1927).
Location. At the outlet
of Lake Chelan.
Population. No data.
Connections in which they
have become noted. The name Chelan is shared not only by the lake
above mentioned but by Chelan Falls, a range of mountains, a county, and
two post villages, Chelan and Chelan Falls.
Connections. The
Chilluckittequaw belonged to the Chinookan linguistic stock.
Location. As reported by
Lewis and Clark, the Chilluckittequaw lay along the north side of Columbia
River, in the present Klickitat and Skamania Counties, from about 10 miles
below the Dalles to the neighborhood of the Cascades. Spier (1936) thinks
they may have been identical with the White Salmon or Hood River group of
Indians and perhaps both. In the latter case we must suppose that they
extended to the south side of the Columbia.
Subdivisions and Villages.
Itkilak or Ithlkilak (occupied jointly with Klickitat), at
White Salmon Landing. Nanshuit (occupied jointly with
Klickitat), at the present Underwood.
Smackshop, a band of Chilluckittequaw extending from the River
Labiche (Hood
River ?) to the Cascades.
Tgasgutcu (occupied jointly with Klickitat), said to be about
½ mile west of a long, high mountain
opposite Mosier, Oreg., and at the same time about a mile above White
Salmon Landing, an apparent inconsistency:
Thlmieksok or Thlmuyaksok, ½
mile from the last; in 1905 the site of the Burket Ranch. Historical Note. According to Mooney (1928), a remnant of the
Chilluckittequaw lived near the mouth of the White Salmon River until 1880
when they removed to the Cascades, where a few still resided in 1895.
Population. Mooney (1928)
estimated 3,000 for this tribe in 1780. In 1806 Lewis and Clark placed the
figure at 1,400, besides 800 Smackshop, or a total of 2,200.
Chimakum. Significance of
the name is unknown. Also called:
Aqokdlo, own name.
Port Townsend Indians, popular name.
Connections. The
Chimakum, the Quileute, and the Hoh (q. v.) together constituted the
Chimakuan linguistic stock, which in turn was probably connected with the
Salishan stock.
Location. On the
peninsula between Hood's Canal and Port Townsend.
History. The Chimakum
were constantly at war with the Clallam and other Salish tribes and, being
inferior in numbers, suffered very much at their hands. They were included
in the Point-no-Point Treaty of 1855 and placed on the Skokomish
Reservation, where they gradually diminished in numbers until, in 1890,
Boas was able to find only three individuals who could speak their
language, and then but imperfectly.
Population. Mooney (1928)
estimates 400 Chimakum in 1780, and Gibbs (1877), 90 in 1855. The census
of 1910 enumerated 3.
Connection in which they have
become noted. Attention was called to the Chimakum in early days by
their warlike character and the uniqueness of their language.
Clackamas. Placed on both sides of the
Columbia, but I prefer to follow Berreman (1937) in limiting the term to
groups living on the Oregon side. (See
Oregon.)
Clallam. Meaning "strong people." Also
spelled Nu-sklaim, S'Klallam, Tla'lem.
Connections. The Clallam
were a tribe of the coastal division of the Salishan linguistic stock most
closely connected with the Songish.
Location. On the south
side of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, between Port Discovery and Hoko River.
Later the Clallam occupied the Chimakum territory also and a small number
lived on the lower end of Vancouver Island.
Villages.
Elwah, at the mouth of Elwah River.
Hoko, at the mouth of Hoko Creek.
Huiauulch, on the site of modern Jamestown, 5 miles east of
Dungeness.
Hunnint or Hŭngǐ'ngǐt,
on the east side of Clallam Bay; this town and Klatlawas together
were called Xainañt by Erna
Gunther (1927).
Kahtai, at Port Townsend, occupied after the destruction of the
Chimakum. Kaquaith (or Skakwiyel), at Port Discovery.
Klatlawas, the Tlătlăwai'is
of Curtis (1907-9), on the west side of Clallam Bay; see Hunnint.
Kwahamish, a fishing village on the Lyre River.
Mekoös, on Beecher Bay,
Vancouver Island, B. C
Pistchin, on Pysht Bay.'
Sequim or Suktcikwiiñ, on Sequim
Bay or Washington Harbor.
Sestietl, Upper Elwah.
Stehtlum, at new Dungeness.
Tclanuk, on Beecher Bay, Vancouver Island, B. C.
Tsako, at the former mouth of Dungeness River.
Tsewhitzen, on Port Angeles Spit, 2 or 3 miles west of the old town
of Stehtlum.
Yennis, at Port Angeles or False Dungeness.
Population. Mooney (1928)
estimated 2,000 Clallam in 1780. In 1854 Gibbs estimated 800. In 1855, 926
were reported. In 1862 Eells estimated 1,300 but gave 597 in 1878. In 1881
he reduced this to 485. In 1904, 336 were returned. By the census of 1910,
398 were reported; by the United States Indian Office in 1923, 535, and in
1937, 764.
Connections in which they
have become noted. The name Clallam is perpetuated by its application
to a bay, a county, a river, and a precinct in the State of Washington.
Columbia or Sinkiuse-Columbia.
So called because of their former prominent association with Columbia
River, where some of the most important bands had their homes. Also
called:
Bo'tcaced, by the Nez Percé,
probably, meaning "arrows" or "arrow people." Isle-de-Pierre, a
traders' name, perhaps from a place in their country or for a band
of the tribe.
Middle Columbia Salish, so called by Teit (1928) and Spier (1930 b).
Papspê'lu, Nez Perce name,
meaning "firs," or "fir-tree people."
Sa'ładebc, probably the
Snohomish name.
Sinkiuse, the name applied to themselves and most other neighboring
Salish tribes, and said to have belonged originally and properly to
a band which once inhabited Umatilla Valley.
Suwa'dabc, Snohomish name for all interior Indians, meaning "inland
people," or "interior people."
.swā'dab.c, Twana name for all
interior Indians, meaning "inland people."
.swa'namc, Nootsak name
for all interior Indians, meaning "inland people." Ti'attłuxa,
Wasco Chinook name.
.tskowā'xtsEnux or .skowa'xtsEnEx,
applied by themselves, meaning has something to do with "main
valley."
Connections. The Sinkiuse-Columbia
belonged to the inland division of the Salishan linguistic stock, their
nearest relatives being the Wenatchee and Methow.
Subdivisions or Bands
(According to Teit, 1930)
.nkeē'us or .s.nkeiē'usox
(Umatilla Valley).
Stata'ketux, around White Bluffs on the Columbia.
.tskowā'xtsEnux or .skowa'xtsFnEx,
also called Moses-Columbia or Moses Band after a famous chief (Priest's
Rapids and neighboring country).
Curtis (1907-9) gives the following: "Near the
mouth of the sink of Crab Creek were the Sǐnkŭmkŭnătkuh,
and above them the SǐnkolkolumInuh.
Then came in succession the Stapǐ'sknuh,
the Skukulăt'kuh, the Skoáhchnuh,
the Skǐhlkǐntnuh,
and, finally, the Skultagchǐ'mh, a
little above the mouth of Wenatchee River." Spier (1927) adds that the
Sinkowarsin met by Thompson in 1811 might have been a band of this tribe.
Location and History. The
Sinkiuse-Columbia lived on the east side of Columbia River from Fort
Okanogan to- the neighborhood of Point Eaton. Later a reservation was
created for them known as Columbia Reservation. In 1870 Winans placed them
"on the east and south sides of the Columbia River from the Grand Coulee
down to Priest's Rapids." They are now under the jurisdiction of Colville
Agency and one band, the Moses-Columbia Band, is in the southern part of
Colville Reservation.
Population. The Sinkiuse-Columbia
are estimated by Mooney (1928) to have numbered 800 in 1780, but were
probably considerably more numerous as Teit (1927) considers that this
tribe and the Pisquow together must have totaled something like 10,000
before the smallpox reached them. In 1905, 355 were reported; in 1908,
299; and in 1909, perhaps including some others, 540 were returned. The
census of 1910 gave 52.
Colville. The name is
derived from Fort Colville, a post of the Hudson's Bay Company at Kettle
Falls, which was in turn named for the London governor of the company at
the time when the post was founded, i. e., in 1825. Also called:
Basket People, by Hale (1846).
Chaudière, French name
derived from the popular term applied to them,
Kettle Falls Indians.
Kettle Falls Indians, as above.
Salsxuyilp, Okanagon name.
Skuyelpi, by other Salish tribes.
Whe-el-po, by Lewis and Clark, shortened from above.
Connections. The
Colville belonged to the inland division of the Salishan linguistic stock
and to that branch of the latter which included the Okanagon, Sanpoil, and
Senijextee.
Location. On Colville
River and that part of the Columbia between Kettle Falls and Hunters.
Villages and Subdivisions.
(From Ray, 1932)
Kakalapia, home of the Skakalapiak (across from the present
town of Harvey, at
the point where the ferry now crosses).
Kilumaak, home of the Skilumaak (opposite the present town of
Kettle Falls,
about 1½ miles above Nchumutastum).
Nchaliam, home of the Snchalik (about 1½
miles above the present town of
Inchelium).
Nchumutastum, home of the Snchumutast (about 6 miles above
Nilamin).
Nilamin, home of the Snilaminak (about 15 miles above Kakalapia).
Nkuasiam, home of the Snkuasik (slightly above the present
town of Daisy, on
the opposite side of the river).
Smichunulau, home of the Smichunulauk (at the site of the
present State bridge
at Kettle Falls).
History. The history of
the Colville was similar to that of the neighboring tribes except that
Kettle Falls was early fixed upon as the site of an important post by the
Hudson Bay Company and brought with it the usual advantages and
disadvantages of White contact.
Population. Mooney (1928)
estimated the number of the Colville at 1,000 as of 1780, but Lewis and
Clark placed it at 2,500, a figure also fixed upon by Teit (1930). In 1904
there were 321; in 1907, 334; and in 1937, 322.
Connections in which they
have become noted. The name Colville was applied to an important
Indian Reservation and later to a town, the county seat of Stevens County,
Wash., but the original, of course, was not Indian.
Connections. The Copalis
belonged to the coastal division of the Salishan linguistic family.
Location. Copalis River
and the Pacific Coast between the mouth of Joe Creek and Grays Harbor.
Population. Lewis and
Clark in 1805 estimated a population of 200 Copalis in 10 houses. The 5
individuals assigned to a "Chepalis" tribe in an enumeration given by
Olson of the year 1888 probably refers to them.
Connections in which they
have become noted. The name Copalis is perpetuated in that of Copalis
River, and in the post villages of Copalis Beach and Copalis Crossing,
Grays Harbor County, Wash.
Cowlitz. Significance
unknown. Also called:
Nū-sō-lupsh,
name given by Indians not on the Sound to Upper Cowlitz and Upper
Chehalis.
Connections. The Cowlitz
belonged to the coastal division of the Salishan linguistic family, yet
shared some peculiarities with the inland tribes.
Location. Most of the
lower and all the middle course of Cowlitz River. Later they were divided
between Chehalis and Puyallup Reservations.
Towns. Ray (1932) gives:
Awi'mani, at the mouth of Coweman River, south of Kelso, and Manse'la, on
site of Longiew. (See Curtis, 1907-9.)
Population. Mooney (1928)
estimated the number of the Cowlitz, along with the Chehalis, Humptulips,
and some other tribes, at 1,000 in 1780. In 1853 Gibbs stated that they
and the Upper Chehalis counted not more than 165. About 1887 there were
127 on Puyallup Reservation. The census of 1910 returned 105. The United
States Indian Office Report of 1923 gives 490, probably including other
tribes.
Connections in which they
have become noted. The name Cowlitz is perpetuated by Cowlitz River
and Cowlitz Pass; by Cowlitz Glacier, which radiates from Mount Ranier;
and by Cowlitz County, Cowlitz Park, Cowlitz Chimney, Cowlitz Cleaver, and
some small towns in the same region.
Connections. The Hoh spoke the Quileute language and were often
considered part of the same tribe, constituting one division of the
Chimakuan linguistic stock and more remotely connected with the
Salishan family.
Location. On Hoh River on the west coast of Washington.
Population. Mooney (1928) estimates 500 in the Hoh and the Quileute
together in 1780. In 1905 the Hoh numbered 62. Connection in which they
have become noted.-The name Hoh is preserved in that of the Hoh River.
Connections. The Humptulips belonged to the coastal division of the
Salishan linguistic stock, being connected most closely with the
Chehalis.
Location. On the Humptulips River, and part of Grays Harbor, including
also Hoquiam Creek and Whiskam River.
Villages
Hli'mtimi (Curtis, 1907-9), near North Cove.
Hoquiam, on Hoquiam Creek.
Hooshkal (Gibbs), on the north shore of Grays Harbor.
Kishkallen (Gibbs), on the north shore of Grays Harbor.
Klimmim (Gibbs), 1877).
Kplelch (Curtis), at the mouth of North River.
Kwapks (Curtis, 1907-9), at the mouth of North River.
Mo'niltimsh (Curtis), at Georgetown.
Nooachhummik (Gibbs), on the coast north of Grays Harbor.
Nookalthu
(Gibbs), north of Grays Harbor.
Nu'moihanhl (Curtis), at Tokeland.
Whishkah, on Whishkah River.
These are placed under the Humptulips only on account of their locations
as described.
Population. See Chehalis. In 1888 according to Olsen 18 Humptulips were
reported. In 1904 there were 21.
Connection in which they have become noted. Humptulips River and a village
in Grays Harbor County preserve the name of the Humptulips Indians.
Kalispel. The Kalispel
extended over into the eastern edge of the State from Idaho.
Klickitat. From a Chinook term meaning "beyond" and having reference to
the Cascade Mountains. Also called:
Awi-adshi, Molala name.
Lûk'-a-tatt, Puyallup name.
Máhane, Umpqua name.
Mǐ-Çlauq'-tcu-wûn'-ti, Alsea name, meaning "scalpers."
Mûn-an'-né-qu' tûnnĕ, Naltunnetunne name, meaning "inland people."
Qwû'lh-hwai-pûm, own name, meaning "prairie people."
Tlakäï'tat, Okanagon
name.
Tsĕ la'kayāt amím, Kalapuya name.
T!uwānxa-ikc, Clatsop name.
Wahnookt,
Cowlitz name.
Connections. The Klickitat belonged to the Shahaptian division of the
Shapwailutan linguistic family.
Subdivisions and Villages. Possibly the Atanum or Atanumlema should be added to the Klickitat. Mooney
(1928) reports that their language was distinct from, though related to,
both Klickitat and Yakima.
The following villages are mentioned:
Itkilak or Ithlkilak, at White Salmon Landing, which they occupied jointly
with
the Chilluckquittequaw.
Nanshuit (occupied jointly with the Chilluckquittequaw), at Underwood.
Shgwaliksh, not far below Memaloose Island.
Tgasgutcu (occupied jointly with the Chilluckquittequaw), said to be about
34
mile west of a long high mountain opposite Mosier, Oreg., and about 1 mile
above White Salmon Landing but the exact location seems to be in doubt.
Wiltkun (exact location unknown).
History. The original home of the Klickitat was somewhere south of the
Columbia, and they invaded their later territory after the Yakima crossed
the river. In 1805 Lewis and Clark found them wintering on Yakima and
Klickitat Rivers. Taking advantage of the weakness of the Willamette
tribes following upon an epidemic of fever between 1820 and 1830, the
Klickitat crossed the Columbia and forced their way as far south as the
valley of the Umpqua but were soon compelled to retire to their old seats.
They were active and enterprising traders, profiting by their favorable
location to become middlemen between the coast tribes and those living
east of the Cascades. They joined in the Yakima treaty at Camp Stevens,
June 9, 1855, by which they ceded their lands to the United States, and
most of them settled upon the Yakima Reservation.
Population. Mooney (1928) estimated that the Klickitat, including the Taitinapam, numbered 600 in 1780. In 1805 Lewis and Clark placed their
total population at about 700. The census of 1910 returned 405
Connections in which they have become noted. The Klickitat were early
distinguished from other tribes of central Washington owing to their
propensity for trading. The name is perpetuated in that of a small
affluent of the Columbia and in the name of the county, and a post village
in the county.
Kwaiailk. Meaning unknown. Also called:
Kwû-teh-ni, Kwalhioqua name.
Nū-sō-lupsh, by Sound Indians, referring to the rapids of their stream.
Stak-ta-mish, a name for this and other inland tribes, meaning "forest
people."
Upper Chehalis, common name.
Connections. The Kwaiailk belonged to the coastal division of the Salishan
linguistic family but a part of them were associated with the inland
tribes by certain peculiarities of speech. Their nearest relatives seem to
have been the Cowlitz and Chehalis.
Location. On the upper course of Chehalis River.
Subdivisions and Villages Cloquallum, on Cloquallum River.
Population. In 1855, according to Gibbs (1877), the Kwaiailk numbered 216
but were becoming amalgamated with the Cowlitz. (See Chehalis.)
Kwalhioqua. From their Chinook designation, meaning "a lonely place in the
woods." Also called
Axwē'lāpc, "people of the Willapa," by the Chinook and Quinault Indians.
Gilā'q!ulawas, from the name of the place where they usually lived.
Owhillapsh or W illapa, applied to this tribe erroneously.
Tkulhiyogoā'ikc, Chinook name.
Connections.-The Kwalhioqua belonged to the Athapascan linguistic stock.
Location. On the upper course of Willopah River, and the southern and
western headwaters of the Chehalis. Gibbs (1877) extends their territory
eastward of the Cascades, but Boas (1892) doubts the correctness of this.
Subdivisions.
Suwal, on headwaters of the Chehalis.
Wela'pakote'li, on Willapa River.
Population. Mooney (1928) estimated 200 in 1780; Hale (1846) gives about
100, but in 1850 it is said that only 2 males and several females
survived, which indicates that an error had been made by one or the other.
Connection in which they have become noted. The Kwalhioqua were
distinguished almost solely by the fact that they belonged to the great
Athapascan group yet were the only tribe of that stock in the State of
Washington in historic times, having become entirely isolated from their
relatives.
Lummi. Significance unknown. Also spelled Há-lum-mi, Nuh-lummi, and
Qtlumi. Also called:
Nūkhlésh, by the Skagit, who also included the Clallam in the designation.
Connections.-The Lummi belonged to the coastal division of the Salishan
linguistic family and spoke, according to Boas (1911), the same dialect as
the Songish of Vancouver Island.
Location. On the upper part of Bellingham Bay and about the mouth of
Nooksack River. Formerly the Lummi are said to have resorted at times to a group of islands east of Vancouver Island. They were
finally placed on Lummi Reservation.
Villages
(According to Stern, 1934)
Elek, near the upper end of Bellingham Bay.
Hwetlkiem, near the upper end of Bellingham Bay west of Nooksack River.
Kwakas, on the north side of Nooksack River.
Momli, near the mouth of
Nooksack River.
Skalisan, north of Point Francis and opposite Lummi
Island.
The following fishing stations are also cited:
Hoholos, a point on Orcas Island south of Freeman Island.
Hwiteosang, in
Upright Channel south of Shaw Island.
Hwtcihom or Bee Station, north of
Sandy Point.
Skalekushan or Village Point, on Lummi Island.
Skolete, on
Lopez Island opposite Lopez.
Tceltenem, Point Roberts.
Tlkwoloks, on Orcas Island.
Population. Mooney (1928) estimates the number of Lummi at 1,000 in 1780,
including the Samish and Nooksack. In 1905 there were 412; according to
the census of 1910, 353; according to the United States Indian Office
Report for 1923, 505; and according to that for 1937, 661.
Connection in which they have become noted. Lummi River, Washington,
preserves the name.
Makah. Meaning "cape people." Also called:
Ba-qa-ŏ, Puyallup name.
Cape Flattery Indians, from their location.
Classet, Nootka name, meaning"
outsiders."
Kwe-nēt-the-chat, own name, meaning "cape people."
Tlā'asath,
Nootka name, meaning "outside people."
Connections. The Makah belonged to the Nootka branch of the Wakashan
linguistic family.
Location. About Cape Flattery, claiming the coast east as far as Hoko
River and south to Flattery Rocks, besides Tatoosh Island. Later they were
confined to the Makah Reservation.
Winter towns:
Baada, on Neah Bay.
Neah, on the site of the old Spanish fort, Port Nunez Gaona, Neah Bay.
Waatch, at the mouth of Waatch Creek, 4 miles from Neah Bay.
Summer
villages:
Ahchawat, at Cape Flattery.
Kehsidatsoos, location unknown.
Kiddekubbut, 3 miles from Neah Bay.
Tatooche, on Tatoosh Island, off Cape Flattery.
Population. Together with the Ozette, the Makah were estimated by Mooney
(1928) to number 2,000 in 1780, a figure evidently based on that given by
Lewis and Clark in 1805. In 1905 there were 435; the census of 1910 gave
360, and the United States Indian Office Report for 1923 gave 425,
including the people of Ozette. In 1937, 407 were returned besides the
Ozette Indians.
Connection in which they have become noted. The Makah and the Ozette are
peculiar as the only tribes of the Nootka group and the Wakashan stock in
the United States.
Methow. Meaning unknown. The Battle-le-mule-emauch of Ross
(1847, p. 290).
Connections. The Methow spoke a dialect belonging to the interior division
of the Salishan linguistic stock.
Location. On Methow River. A detached band called Chilowhist wintered on
the Okanogan River between Sand Point and Malott.
Population. Mooney (1928) estimated that this band and the Columbia
Indians, or rather Moses' band of Columbia Indians, numbered 800 in 1780.
In 1907 there were 324.
Connection in which they have become noted. Methow River and Valley and a
post village perpetuate the name of the Methow Indians.
Connections. The Mical were a branch of the Shahaptian tribe called
Pshwanwapam.
Location. On the upper course of Nisqually River. Population.-No separate
data.
Muckleshoot. From the native word o'kelcul, significance unknown.
Connections. The Muckleshoot belonged to the Nisqually dialectic group of
the coastal division of the Salishan linguistic family.
Location. On White River, their territory extending from Kent eastward to
the mountains, but it seems also to have included Green River.
Subdivisions. The following names appear applied to bands in their territory:
Sekamish,
on White River.
Skopamish, on upper Green River.
Smulkamish, on upper White River
Smith (1940) adds Dothliuk, at South Prairie below where Cole Creek enters
South Prairie Creek, an affluent of Carbon River.
Population. The Muckleshoot are probably included in the 1,200 "Nisqually,
Puyallup, etc." estimated by Mooney (1928) as in existence in 1780. The
Skopamish numbered 222 in 1863 and the Smulkamish about 183 in 1870.
Mooney estimated a total of 780 in 1907 for the group above given. In 1937
the United States Office of Indian Affairs reported 194 Indians of this
tribe.
Connection in which they have become noted. The name of the Muckleshoot is
preserved in that of Muckleshoot Indian Reservation.
Neketemeuk. A supposed Salishan tribe placed by Teit's informants at an
early period near and above the Dalles. Ray (1932), however, discredits
the existence of an independent tribe of this name.
Nez Perce. The Nez Perce occupied territory in the extreme southeastern
part of the state. (See Idaho.)
Nisqually. From Skwale'absh, the native name of Nisqually River. Also
spelled Quallyamish, and Skwalliahmish. Also called:
Askwalli, Calapooya name.
Ltsχe'als, Nestucca name.
Suketī'kenuk, Sukotī'kenuk, by Columbia Indians along with all other coast
people, meaning "people of the other side," with reference to the
Cascades.
Tsĕ Skua'lli ami'm, Luckamiut Kalapooian name.
Connections. They gave their name to one dialectic division of the coastal
division of the Salishan linguistic stock.
Location. On Nisqually River above its mouth and on the middle and upper
courses of Puyallup River.
Subdivisions and Villages
Basha'labsh, on Mashell Creek and neighboring Nisqually River, the town on
a
highland below Eatonville on Mashell Creek.
Sakwi'absh, Clear Creek and neighboring Nisqually River, the main
settlement
on a hill near the junction of Clear Creek and the Nisqually River.
Sigwa'letcabsh, on Segualitcu River, the main settlement where Dupont
Creek
enters the Sgwualiteu River.
Tsakwe'kwabah, on Clarks Creek and neighboring Puyallup River, the main
settlement where Clarks Creek empties into Puyallup River, but seems to
have
included also Skwa'dabsh, at the mouth of a creek entering Wappato Creek
above the Wappato Creek village.
Sta'habsh, where the Stuck River enters the Puyallup.
Tsuwa'diabsh, on what is now the Puyallup River above its junction with
the
Carbon, and just below the site of the Soldiers' Home.
Tuwha'khabsh, above Ortig where Vogt Creek enters the Carbon River.
Yisha'ktcabsh, on Nisqually Lake, the principal settlement being at the
mouth
of a sizable creek.
Yokwa'lsshabsh, on Muck Creek and the neighboring parts
of Nisqually River, the main settlement located where Muck Creek enters
Nisqually River, and a division on Clover Creek.
Population. Mooney (1928) estimated that in 1780 there were about 3,600
Nisqually of whom, in 1907, between 1,100 and 1,200 survived. About 1,100
were returned in the census of 1910, but the Indian Office Report for 1937
gives only 62, evidently a minor tribe which gave its name to the larger
body.
Connection in which they have become noted. The memory of the Nisqually
tribe, or cluster of bands, has been preserved in the name of Nesqually or
Nisqually River, and in the post village of Nisqually in Thurston County.
Nooksack. Meaning "mountain men." Also spelled Nooksak and Nooksak.
Connections. The Nooksack belonged to the coastal division of the Salishan
linguistic family. Hill-Tout (1902) says they separated from the Squawmish
of British Columbia and speak the same dialect.
Location. On Nooksack River, Whatcom County. (See also Canada.)
Population. In 1906, 200 Nooksack were officially returned, but Hill-Tout
(1902) states that in 1902 there were only about 6 true male members of
the tribe. The census of 1910 gives 85 under this name, and the Report of
the United States Office of Indian Affairs for 1937 returned 239. (See
Lummi.)
Connection in which they have become noted. Nooksack River and Nooksack
town in Whatcom County, Washington, preserve the name.
Ntlakyapamuk. The southern bands of this tribe hunted over in the
territory now embraced in Washington. (See Canada.)
Connections. The Ozette were a southern branch of the Makah
and belonged to the Nootka branch of the Wakashan linguistic family.
Location. On the Ozette Lake and Ozette River in Clallam County.
Villages. Ozette, at Flattery Rocks.
Sooes, 4 miles south of the Makah village of Waatch.
Population. (See
Makah.) A single Ozette Indian was reported
in 1937.
Connections in which they have become noted. An island, a lake, a river,
and a village are named Ozette after them.
Palouse. Significance unknown. Also called:
Pallotepellows, by Lewis and Clark in 1806.
.spalu'.sox, so called by Sinkiuse, said to be from a place name.
Connections. The Palouse belonged to the Shahaptian division of the
Shapwailutan linguistic stock, and were most closely connected with the
Nez Perce.
Location. In the valley of Palouse River in Washington and Idaho and on a
small section of Snake River, extending eastward to the camas grounds near
Moscow, Idaho. The Palouse were included in
the Yakima treaty of 1855 but have never recognized the treaty obligations
and have declined to lead a reservation life.
Subdivisions and Villages
Almotu, on the north bank of Snake River about 30 miles above the mouth of
Palouse River.
Chimnapum, on the northwest side of Columbia River near the mouth of Snake
River and on lower Yakima River.
Kasispa, at Ainsworth, at the junction of Snake and Columbia Rivers, Wash.
Palus, on the north bank of Snake River just below its junction with the
Palouse.
Sokulk or Wanapum, on Columbia River above the mouth of Snake
River.
Tasawiks, on the north bank of Snake River, about 15 miles above
its mouth.
History. The Palouse are said to have separated from the Yakima.
Population.-Estimated by Mooney (1928) at 5,400 in 1780. In 1805 Lewis and
Clark gave 1,600. In 1854 they were said to number 500. The census of 1910
returned 82.
Connection in which they have become noted. Palouse or Pelouse River, in Idaho and Washington, and the city of Palouse in Whitman
County, Washington, preserve the name of the Palouse Indians.
Pshwanwapam. Meaning "the stony ground." Also called Upper
Yakima.
Connections. The Pshwanwapam belonged to the Shahaptian
division of the Shapwailutan linguistic family, and probably were most
closely connected with the Yakima.
Location. On the upper course of Yakima River.
Puyallup. From Pwiya'lap, the native name of Puyallup River.
Connections.-The Puyallup belonged to the Nisqually dialectic
group of the Coastal division of the Salishan linguistic family.
Location. At the mouth of Puyallup River and the neighboring
coast, including Carr Inlet and the southern part of Vashon Island.
Subdivisions and Villages
Esha'ktlabsh, on Hylebos Waterway.
Kalka'lak, at the mouth of Wappato Creek.
Kibalt, at Glencove.
Puyallup or Spwiya'laphabsh, on Commencement Bay and Puyallup River as far
up as the mouth of Clarks Creek, including the main settlement of the same
name at the mouth of Puyallup River.
Sha'tekad, where Clay Creek empties into the Puyallup River.
Sko'tlbabsh, on Carr Inlet, including a Sko'tlbabsh settlement on Carr
Inlet above the town of Minter.
Skwapa'bsh, on the south part of Vashon Island and the land west of the
Narrows, including a town of the same name at the mouth of a stream at Gig
Harbor.
Skwlo'tsid, at the head of Wollochet Bay.
Steilacoom, on Steilacoom Creek and the neighboring beach, the main
village on the present site of Steilacoom.
Tsugwa'lethl, at Quartermaster Harbor.
Tule'lakle, at the head of Burley Lagoon, Carr Inlet.
Twa'debshab, at the mouth of a creek formerly entering Commencement Bay
and now covered by Tacoma.
Population. (See Nisqually.) The report of the United States Office of
Indian Affairs for 1937 gave 322 Puyallup.
Connections in which they have become noted. The name Puyallup is
preserved by a river, an Indian reservation, a glacier, an important
town in Pierce County, and in the ridge called Puyallup Cleaver.
Connections. The Queets belonged to the Coastal division of the Salishan
linguistic family and were most intimately related to their
neighbors to the south, the Quinault.
Location. On Queets River and its branches.
Population. Lewis and Clark in 1805 estimated that the Queets numbered
250. They then occupied 18 houses. Mooney (1928)
estimated that in 1780 they and the Quinault together numbered 1,500, but
Olson (1936) regards this figure as too high. Olson prints an estimate of
82 as their present population, including 23 males over 18, 32 females
over 14, and 16 children between 6 and 16. In 1909 there were 62.
Connection in which they have become noted. The name of the Queets is
perpetuated in that of Queets River.
Connections. Together with the Hoh and Chimakum, the Quileute constituted
the Chimakuan linguistic family which is possibly more remotely related to Wakashan and Salishan.
Location. On Quilayute River, on the west coast of Washington. They are
now on the Quileutc and Makah Reservations.
Population (including the Hoh).-Mooney (1928) estimates that in 1780 there
were of the Quileute and the Hoh 500 Indians. Olson (1936) quotes a figure
of 64 in 1888. The census of 1910 returned 303 and the United States
Office of Indian Affairs in 1937 gave 284.
Connections in which they have become noted. The town of Quillayute in
Clallam County, preserves the name of the Quileute and it was formerly
that of Soleduck River. Otherwise the tribe is particularly noted on
account of the uniqueness of its language, which was spoken by no other
known tribes except the Hoh and Chimakum.
Sahehwamish. Meaning unknown but evidently that of a locality.
Connections. The Sahehwamish belonged to the Nisqually dialectic group of
the coastal division of the Salishan linguistic stock.
Location. On the innermost inlets of Puget Sound as indicated by the
positions of the subdivisions given below.
Subdivisions
Elo'sedabsh, on Medicine Creek and the lower reaches of Nisqually River,
including a main settlement at the mouth of Nisqually River and Tuda'dab, at
the
mouth of McAllister or Medicine Creek.
Sahehwamish or Sahe'wabsh, on Shelton Inlet, including the main settlement
of
Sahe'wabsh, at Arcadia, and a village opposite the town of Shelton.
Skwayaithlhabsh, on Mud Bay or Eld Inlet.
Statca'sabsh, on Budd Inlet, with its principal settlement at Tumwater.
Tapi'ksdabsh, with its main settlement on Oyster Bay or Totten Inlet below
the
town of Oyster Bay.
Tutse'tcakl, on South Bay or Henderson Inlet, between the creek at the
head and
that on the south.
Population. The group to which this tribe belonged is estimated by Mooney
(1928) to have numbered 1,200 in 1780, and he gives 780 for the year 1907.
Connections. The Samish belonged to the coastal division of the Salishan
linguistic family.
Location. On Samish Bay and Samish Island, Guemes Island, and the
northwest portion of Fidalgo Island. The Samish were later placed on Lummi
Reservation.
Villages
Atse'ked, on the south side of the slough at Edison on Samish Bay.
Dikwi'bthl.
Gunguna'la, on Guemes Island facing west toward Cypress Island.
Hwaibathl,
at Anacortes.
Kwalo'l, at Summit Park on Fidalgo Bay.
Nukhwhaiimikhl, on the southwest
side of Guemes Island.
The name of the last village listed above is from Gibbs (1877) and may be another name for Gunguna'la, and Gibbs' Aseakum is perhaps Atse'ked.
Population. Mooney (1928) estimates the Samish tribe, together with the
Lummi and Nooksack, at 1,000 in 1780. No later estimate is given.
Connection in which they have become noted. Samish River, Samish Bay,
Samish Island, and a post hamlet on Bellingham Bay perpetuate the name of
the Samish Indians.
Connections. The Satsop belonged to the coastal division of the Salishan
linguistic family, and have usually been classed with the Lower Chehalis.
Location. On Satsop River, a branch of the Chehalis.
Population. The population of the Satsop is usually given with that of the
Chehalis, but in 1888 a census of the Satsop alone, obtained by
Olson (1936), gave 12.
Connections in which they have become noted. Satsop River and a village
called Satsop in Grays Harbor County preserve the name of the Satsop.
Semiahmoo. Significance unknown. Also called:
Birch Bay Indians, from a place occupied by them.
Connections. The Semiahmoo belonged to the coastal division of
the Salishan linguistic stock.
Location. About Semiahmoo Bay in northwest Washington and
southwest British Columbia.
Population. In 1843 the Semiahmoo numbered 300; in 1909 there were 38 in
British Columbia; none were enumerated on the American
side of the line.
Connections in which they have become noted. The name of the Semiahmoo is
preserved in Semiahmoo Bay and a township in Whatcom County, Wash.
Senijextee. Significance unknown. Also called:
Lake Indians, a popular name for them because they lived on the Arrow
Lakes.
Connections. The Senijextee belonged to the inland division of the
Salishan linguistic stock, and were most closely connected with the
Sanpoil.
Location. On both sides of the Columbia River from Kettle Falls to the
Canadian boundary, the valley of Kettle River, Kootenay
River from its mouth to the first falls, and the region of the Arrow
Lakes, B. C. The Lake Indians on the American side were placed
on Colville Reservation.
Population. Mooney (1928) estimates their numbers at 500 in 1780. In 1909
the United States Office of Indian Affairs reported 342 on Colville
Reservation. The census of 1910 identifies them with
the Colville and returns 785.
Sinkaietk. Significance unknown; an Anglicized form of their own
name.
Connections. The Sinkaietk are sometimes classed with the Okanagon, and
called Lower Okanagon, both constituting a dialectic
group of interior Salishan Indians.
Location. Okanagan River from its mouth nearly to the mouth of
the Similkameen.
Subdivisions
Kartar, from the foot of Lake Omak to the Columbia River.
Konkonelp, winter sites, from about 3 miles above Malott to the turn of
the
Okanagan River at Omak.
Tonasket, from Riverside upstream to Tonasket.
Tukoratum, winter sites, from Condon's Ferry on the Columbia to the mouth
of the Okanagan River and up the latter to about 4 miles above Monse,
Wash.
Ray (1932) mentions four villages belonging to the Kartar and Tukoratum
Bands.
Connections. The Sinkakaius belonged to the interior division of the
Salishan linguistic stock and were composed largely of people from the Tukoratum Band of Sinkaietk and the Moses Columbia people.
Location. Between Columbia River and the Grand Coulee in the latitude of
Waterville.
Skagit. Significance unknown. Also called:
Hum-a-luh, own name, meaning "the people."
Connections. The Skagit belonged to the coastal division of the Salishan
linguistic stock.
Location. On Skagit and Stillaguamish Rivers except about their
mouths.
Subdivisions and Villages
(Smith, 1941)
Base'lelotsed, on Skagit River from Van Horn to roughly 3 miles above
Rockport and Sauk River almost to the mouth of Suiattle, including the
village of Tca'gwalk, at the mouth of Sauk River.
Baska'dsadsiuk, on the south bank of Skagit River from Hamilton to
Birdsview, including a village opposite Hamilton.
Baske'kwiuk, on Skagit River above Rockport, including a village at Marble
Mount at the mouth of the Cascade River.
Baslo'halok, on the north bank of the Skagit from Hamilton to Birdsview,
including a settlement at Hamilton.
Duwa'ha, on the mainland drainages from South Bellingham to Bayview
including part of Lake Whatcom, Lake Samish and Samish River, including
the village of Batsla'thllaos, at Bayview on Padilla Bay.
Nookachamps, on Skagit River from Mount Vernon to Sedro Woolley and
Nookachamps River drainage including Big Lake, including a village back of
Mount Vernon just below the concrete bridge, and Tsla'tlabsh on Big Lake.
Sauk, on Sauk River above the confluence of the Suiattle River, including
a settlement on Sauk prairie above Darrington.
Sba'leuk, on Skagit River from above Birdsview to above Concrete,
including a village at Concrete.
Sikwigwi'lts, on Skagit River from Sedro Woolley to below Lyman, including
a village on the flats near Sedro Woolley.
Stillaguamish, on Stillaguamish River from Arlington up,
including villages at Arlington and Trafton.
Suiattle, on Suiattle River, including a village not far about the mouth
of Suiattle River.
Tcubaa'bish, on Skagit River from Lyman to below Hamilton, including Day
Creek drainage, and including a village at the mouth of Dry Creek.
Population. The Skagit population is given by Mooney (1928) with the
Swinomish and some other tribes, as 1,200 in 1780. Gibbs (1877) estimated
there were 300 Skagit proper in 1853. The census of 1910 returned 56 under
this name. In 1923 the United States Indian Office entered 221 "Swinomish"
in their returns, including evidently the Skagit and some other tribes; in
1937 it gave an estimate of 200 Skagit.
Connection in which they have become noted. Skagit River, which
flows into Puget Sound, Skagit County, and a post hamlet preserve the name
of the Skagit Indians.
Connections. The Skilloot belonged to the Clackamas dialectic division of
the Chinookan linguistic family.
Location. On both sides of Columbia River above and below the mouth of
Cowlitz River. (See also Oregon.)
Subdivisions and Villages.
Cooniac (at Oak Point on the south side of Columbia River, below the mouth
of the Cowlitz, in the present Columbia County, Oregon) was their
principal village in later times. The Hullooetell, reported to Lewis and
Clark as a numerous nation north of Columbia River on Cowlitz and Lewis
Rivers, may have been a
subdivision, although perhaps Salishan. The Seamysty, at the mouth of
Cowlitz River before 1835, were undoubtedly a Skilloot band, and the
Thlakalama and Tlakatlala of Boas 1(1901, and personal information 1905),
at the mouth of Kalama River, about 3 miles above Oak Point, had best be
added.
Population. Mooney (1928) estimates the number of Skilloot at 3,250 in
1780 including 250 Tlakalama. In 1806 Lewis and Clark give 2,500 and in
1850 Lane places the Skilloot population at 200.
They have now entirely disappeared as an independent group.
Connections. The Skin belonged to the Shahaptian division of the
Shapwailutan linguistic stock.
Location. On Columbia River from The Dalles to a point about 75 miles
above.
Villages
Ka'sawi, on the Columbia opposite the mouth of Umatilla River. Skin,
opposite the mouth of Deschutes River.
Uchi'chol, on the north bank of the Columbia in Klickitat County.
Waiya'mpam, about Celilo.
Eneeshur is used by Lewis and Clark for part of the above people, perhaps
all of them.
Population. Mooney (1928) includes the Skin in a group under the general
name Tapanash, which he estimates to have numbered
2,200 in 1780.
Snohomish. Meaning unknown but evidently the name of a place. Also called:
Ashnuhumsh, Kalapuya name.
Connections. The Snohomish belonged to the Nisqually dialectic group of
the coastal division of the Salishan linguistic stock.
Location. On the lower course of Snohomish River and on the southern end
of Whidbey Island.
Subdivisions and Villages
Sdugwadskabsh, the south portion of Whidbey Island, including villages
opposite Mukilteo on Whidbey (Negua'sx) Island and at Newell on Useless
Bay. Skwilsi'diabsh, from Preston Point, above Everett, to the southern tip of
Camano Island, including a village at Marysville and Tcatcthlks opposite
Tulalip on Tulalip Bay. Snohomish, Port Gardner Bay and Snohomish River as far up as Snohomish,
including Tctlaks at Everett on the south side of the mouth of Snohomish
River and Hibolb on the north side of its mouth. Tukwetlbabsh, on Snohomish River from Snohomish to Monroe, including
villages at Snohomish at the mouth of Pilchuck Creek and below Monroe 2
miles from the confluence of the Skykomish and the Snoqualmie.
Population. Mooney (1928) estimated the population of the Snohomish, the
Snoqualmie, the Tulalip, and some others at 1,200 in
1780. In 1850 there were 350 Snohomish. The census of 1910 gives
664, evidently including other bands, and the United States Office of
Indian Affairs, 667 in 1937.
Connections in which they have become noted. The name of the
Snohomish is perpetuated in Snohomish River, Snohomish County, and a city
in that county.
Connections. The Snoqualmie belonged to the Nisqually branch of the
coastal division of the Salishan linguistic family.
Location. On Snoqualmie and Skykomish Rivers.
Subdivisions and Villages
Skykomish, on Skykomish River above Sultan, and on the same below Goldbar.
Snoqualmie, on Snoqualmie River, including villages at Cherry Valley, on
Snoqualmie River opposite the mouth of Tolt River; at Fall City; and below
Snoqualmie Falls.
Stakta'ledjabsh, on Skykomish River as far up as Sultan, including Sultan
Creek, including villages above Monroe at the mouth of Sultan Creek and on
Sultan Creek 4 miles above its mouth.
Population.-(See Snohomish.) Tho population of the
Snoqualmie
alone was reported as 225 in 1857.
Connections in which they have become noted. The name of the
Snoqualmie is perpetuated by Snoqualmie River and a town upon it in King
County.
Spokan. Phonetically Spōkē'.n or Spō.qē'in); said by some to signify "Sun
(people," though this origin is doubtful. Also called:
LêcLê'cuks, Wasco name probably intended for this tribe.
Lar-ti-e-lo, by
Lewis and Clerk in 1806.
SEnoxamī'naEx, by the Okanagon, from their principal division.
SEntutū' or SEnoxma'n, by the Upper Kutenai from the Salish names for the
Middle and Little Spokan respectively.
Connections. The Spokan belonged to the inland division of the Salishan
linguistic stock, and were most closely connected with the Kalispel, Pend d'Oreilles, Sematuse, and Salish.
Location. On the Spokane and Little Spokane Rivers, southward to, and
perhaps including, Cow Creek, and northward to include all of the northern
feeders of the Spokane. (See also Idaho and
Montana.)
Subdivisions.
The Lower Spokan (about the mouth and on the lower part of Spokane River,
including the present Spokane Indian reserve), the Upper Spokan or Little
Spokan (occupying the valley of the Little Spokane River and all the
country east of the lower Spokane to within the borders of Idaho), the
South or Middle Spokan (occupying at least the lower part of Hangmans
Creek, extending south along the borders of the Skitswish).
History. Like so many other tribes of the Columbia region, the Spokan
enter the arena of history with the appearance of Lewis and Clark in their
territory in 1805. Teit (1930) thinks it possible that the several bands
were once so many distinct tribes which have become fused in course of
time, but of this there is no certainty. The Lower and most of the Middle
Spokan, and part of the Upper Spokan, were finally placed under the
Colville Agency; the rest are on the Flathead Reservation in Montana.
Population. Mooney (1928) estimated that about 1780 there might have been
1,400 Spokan, but Teit's figures would raise this to something like 2,500.
In 1806 Lewis and Clark thought there were 600 but they may have included
only one of the three divisions. In 1905 the United States Indian Office
gave 277 Lower Spokan and 177 Middle and Upper Spokan under the Colville
Agency and 135 on the Flathead Reservation; in 1909 it gave 509 all
together under the Colville Agency and 138 on the Flathead Reservation.
The United States Census of 1910 returned 643 all told; the Indian Office
Report for 1923, 669; and the Indian Office Report for 1937, 847.
Connections in which they have become noted. The fame of the Spokan will
rest in the future mainly upon the importance of the Washington city of
Spokane. Their name is also attached to a river in Idaho and Washington,
and to the county of which Spokane is the metropolis. It has also been
applied to post hamlets in Custer County, S. Dak.; in Christian County,
Mo.; and in Trumbull County, Ohio; also to Spokane Bridge, Spokane County,
Wash.
Connections. The Squaxon belonged to the Nisqually branch of the coast
division of the Salishan linguistic family.
Location. On North Bay, Puget Sound.
Villages.
On North Bay at the mouth of Coulter Creek and at Allyn at the mouth of
Mason Creek.
Population. With the Skokomish and Toanho (Twana), Mooney (1928) estimated
that there were 1,000 Squaxon in 1780. In 1909 there were 98 under this
name, and in 1937, 32.
Connections. They belonged to the Nisqually branch of the coastal division
of the Salishan linguistic stock, their closest connections being with the
Duwamish. The famous Seattle was chief of both tribes.
Location. On the west side of Puget Sound, according to Paige (1857)
claiming the territory from Applegate Cove to Gig Harbor.
Subdivisions and Villages
Saktabsh, on Sinclair Inlet, Dyes Inlet, and southern Blakely, Blakely
Island,
with villages at Bremerton and on Eagle Harbor.
Suquamish, on Liberty Bay, at Port Madison, and on the northern part of
Blakely
Island, with villages at. Suquamish, above Poulsbo, and at Point Monroe.
Population. (See Duwamish.) The Suquamish numbered 441 in 1857, 180 in
1909, and 307 in 1910, according to the census of that year. The United
States Indian Office returned 204 "Susquamish" Indians in 1910, probably
meaning this tribe. In 1937 it returned 168 "Suquamish."
Connection in which they have become noted. The name Suquamish is applied
to a town in Kitsap County, Wash.
Swallah. A name applied by Eells (1889). Also called:
Swalash, by Mallet (in Ind. Aff. Rep., 1877, p. 198).
Connections. The Swallah belonged to the coastal division of the Salishan
linguistic family.
Location. On Orcas Island and San Juan Island and the group to which they
belong.
Villages
Hutta'tchl, on the southeast end of Orcas Island.
Klala'kamish, on the east side of San Juan Island.
Lemaltcha, on Waldron
Island.
Stashum, on Waldron Island.
Connections. The Swinomish belonged to the coastal division of the
Salishan linguistic family, and are sometimes called a subdivision of
the Skagit.
Location. On the northern part of Whidbey Island and about the mouth of
Skagit River.
Subdivisions and Villages
Ho'baks, on the upper end of Penn's Cove, not far from San de Fuca,
Batsa'dsali at Coupeville, Ba'asats between Coupeville and Snaklem Point
west of Long Point, and Tcubaa'ltced on the north side of Snaklem Point
about 4 miles from Coupeville.
Kikia'los, on Skagit Bay from the South
Fork of Skagit River to the north tip of
Camano Island, with a village at the mouth of
Carpenter Creek between Conway and Fir, and another called Atsala'di at Utsalady on Camano
Island.
Kwa'dsakbiuk, on the lower reaches of
Stillaguamish River and Port Susan,
with a village at the mouth of the Stillaguamish.
Skagit, on Whidbey Island, from Oak Harbor south to Snaklem
Point, with a village at Oak Harbor.
Skwada'bsh, on the North Fork of the
Skagit River and the eastern part of
Whidbey Island lying north of Oak Harbor, with Skwi'kwikwab at the mouth
of the North Fork of the Skagit, and Tcotab on a point across Skagit Bay.
Swinomish (on southern Padilla Bay,
Swinomish Slough which joins Padilla Bay
and Skagit Bay, Skagit Bay from Sullivan Slough
north, and the southeast portion of Fidalgo Island), with the
following villages: Kale'kut (not far from Whitney at the highway bridge), Sde'os (near Lone
Tree Point, Shuptada'tci (on Swinomish Slough 3 miles from La Conner), and
another village (on Sullivan Slough just east of La Conner).
Population. The Swinomish are usually enumerated with the Skagit (q. v.).
The Skagit and Swinomish together numbered 268 in 1909. In 1937 there were
285 Swinomish reported.
Connections. The Taidnapam belonged to the Shahaptian division of the
Shapwailutan linguistic family.
Location. On the headwaters of Cowlitz River and perhaps extending over
into the headwaters of the Lewis River.
Population. Mooney estimates the population of the Taidnapam and the Klickitat. together at 600 in 1780, but extinct as independent tribes by
1907.
Twana. Said to signify "a portage," referring to that between the upper
end of Hoods Canal and the headwaters of Puget Sound. Also called:
Tu-a'd-hu, own name.
Skokomish, from the name of a principal division.
Wi'lfa Ampa'fa ami'm,
Luckiamute-Kalapuya name.
Connections. The Twana constituted one dialectic group of the coastal
division of the Salishan stock.
Location. On both sides of Hoods Canal. Later they were placed on
Skokomish Reservation.
Subdivisions and Villages
Eels (1877) gave the following:
Kolsid, on Quilcene and Dabop Bays.
Skokomish, around Annas Bay and the drainage area of Skokomish River.
Soatlkobsh, on both sides of the canal from Seabeck and Oak Head to Port
Gamble and Squamish Harbor opposite.
Smith (1941) lists the following villages:
Habha'b, at Eldon on the Canal at the mouth of the Hammerhammer River.
Li'liwap, at Lilliwap on the Canal.
Skoko'bsh, at the mouth of the Skokomish River.
Tule'lalap, at the east branch of the Canal at the mouth of Mission Creek.
Two towns at Duckabush and Brinnon.
Population. Mooney (1928) gives the Twana, Skokomish, and Squaxon together
a population of 1,000 in 1780. In 1853 they were estimated to total about
265. The census of 1910 gave 61 Twana and 195 Skokomish, and the United
States Office of Indian Affairs returned 206 Skokomish in 1937.
Wallawalla. Meaning "little river"; called Walula by Spier (1936).
Connections. The Wallawalla language belongs to the Shahaptian division of
the Shapwailutan linguistic stock and is very closely related to the Nez
Perch.
Location. On the lower Wallawalla River, except perhaps for an area around
Whitman occupied by Cayuse, and a short span along the Columbia and Snake
Rivers near their junction, in Washington and Oregon. They are now on
Umatilla Reservation, Oregon.
Population. Mooney (1928) gives 1,500 for the Wallawalla and the Umatilla
together in 1780. In 1805 Lewis and Clark estimated 1,600 but they
included other bands now known to be independent. The census of 1910 gave
397, the Report of the United States Office of Indian Affairs for 1923,
628, and that for 1937, 631, the two last evidently including some other
peoples.
Connections in which they have become noted. The name Wallawalla is perpetuated in that of the city of Walla Walla, Wash.;
Walla Walla County; Walla Walla River, which flows through Oregon and
Washington; and appears in the name of a small place in Illinois.
Connections. The Wanapam belonged to the Shahaptian division of the
Shapwailutan linguistic stock and were connected closely with
the Palouse.
Location. In the bend of Columbia River between Priest Rapids and a point
some distance below the mouth of Umatilla River, and extending east of the
Columbia north of Pasco.
Subdivisions.
They seem to have included two branches, the Chamnapum and Wanapam proper.
Population. Mooney (1928) estimates their population as 1,800 in 1780.
Watlala. The Watlala occupied. the north side of Columbia River from the
Cascades to Skamania and perhaps to Cape Horn, but a larger territory on
the south side. (See under Oregon.)
Connections. They belonged to the Shahaptian division of the Shapwailutan
linguistic family and were very closely related to the Palouse.
Location. On Snake River below the mouth of the Palouse.
Population. Unknown but probably included with the Palouse, which Mooney
(1928) estimates to have numbered 1,800 in 1780.
Wenatchee (Wina't ca). So called by the Wasco, and it has become a popular
name for them. Also called:
Awena'tchela, by the Klickitat, meaning "people at the coming-out or
source," said to refer to the fact that they occupied the country at the
heads of the rivers or above the Yakima.
Pisquow, from .s.npeskwau'zux, their own name, variants of which appear in
the appelations given them by other Salish tribes in the neighborhood.
Tso'kwob.c, by the Snohomish.
Connections. The Wenatchee belonged to the inland division of the Salishan
linguistic family, their nearest relations being the SinkiuseColumbia
Indians.
Subdivisions (From Curtis (1907-9) and Ray (1932))
Sinia'lkumuk, on the Columbia between Entiat Creek and Wenatchee River.
Sinkumchi'muk, at the mouth of the Wenatchee.
Sinpusko'isok, at the forks of the Wenatchee, where the town of
Leavenworth now stands.
Sintia'tkumuk, along Entiat Creek.
Stske'tamihu, 6 miles down river from the present town of Wenatchee.
Minor
divisions mentioned are the following:
Camiltpaw, on the east side of Columbia River.
Shanwappom, on the headwaters of Cataract (Klickitat) and Tapteel Rivers.
Siapkat, at a place of this name on the east bank of Columbia River, about
Bishop Rock and Milk Creek, below Wenatchee River.
Skaddal, originally on Cataract (Klickitat) River, on the west bank of
Yakima
River and later opposite the entrance to Selah Creek.
Location. On Methow and Wenatchee Rivers and Chelan Lake. The Wenatchee
are now under the Colville Agency.
Population. Mooney (1928) estimated there were 1,400 Wenatchee in 1780,
but Teit (1928) considers this considerably too low. The four bands of
this tribe mentioned by Lewis and Clark in 1805 totaled 820. The census of
1910 gave 52.
Connection in which they have become noted. Wenatchee River, Lake
Wenatchee, and Wenatchee Mountain preserve the name, as also the town of
Wenatchee, county seat of Chelan County.
Wishram. From Wu'cxam, the name given them by the Yakima and Klickitat
Indians. Also called:
E-che-loot, by Lewis and Clark in 1806, from their own name.
Ila'xluit,
their own name and from this called Tlakluit.
Connections. They belonged to the Chinookan stock, and spoke the same
dialect as the Wasco.
Location. On the north side of Columbia River in Klickitat County.
Villages
Atatathlia itcagitkok, on a small island near Celilo Falls, or more likely
Ten-Mile
Rapids.
Chalaitgelit, a short distance east of The Dalles.
Gawilapchk, a winter
village below The Dalles.
Gawishila, a fishing station above The Dalles.
Hladakhat, about 10 miles below The Dalles.
Hliluseltshlikh, below Big
Eddy.
Kwalasints, opposite The Dalles.
Nayakkhachikh, a winter village below Gawilapchk.
Niukhtash, at Big Eddy.
Shabanahksh, 1 mile below Wishram (?).
Shgwaliksh, perhaps Klickitat, about 12 miles (?) below The Dalles.
Shikeldaptikh, about a half mile below The Dalles. Shkagech, below Crate's
Point.
Shkonana, opposite Crate's Point. Shkukskhat, below The Dalles.
Tsapkhadidlit, a wintering place below Nayakkhachikh.
Waginkhak, below The Dalles and the lowest Tlakluit town on the river.
Wakemap, above Wishram.
Wasnaniks, below Skukskhat.
Wayagwa, above The Dalles, the easternmost town.
Wishram (properly called Nixlúidix'), about 5 miles above The Dalles.
Population. Mooney (1928) estimated that in 1780 there
were about 1,500 Wishram, but Spier and Sapir (1930) suggest 1,000 about
1800. The latter figure is the one given by Lewis and Clark in 1806. The
census of 1910 returned 274, and in 1937, under the designation "Upper
Chinook," the United States Office of Indian Affairs gave 124.
Connection in which they have become noted. A town in Klickitat County
preserves the name of the Wishram.
Connections. The Wynoochee were closely connected with the Chehalis
Indians and belonged to the coastal division of the Salishan linguistic
stock.
Location. On the Wynoochee, an affluent of Chehalis River.
Yakima. Meaning "runaway." Also called:
Cuts-sah-nem, by Clark in 1805 in Lewis and Clark Journals (1904-5).
Pa'
kiut`1ĕma, own name, "people of the gap."
Shanwappoms, from Lewis and Clark in 1805.
Stobshaddat, by the Puget Sound tribes, meaning "robbers."
Waptai'lmln,
own name, "people of the narrow river." Both of their
names for themselves refer to the narrows in Yakima River at Union
Gap where their chief village was formerly situated.
Connections. The Yakima belonged to the Shahaptian division of the
Shapwailutan linguistic family.
Location. On the lower course of Yakima River.
Subdivisions
(As given by Spier (1936), quoting Mooney and Curtis)
