While we know our northern friends may not feel it, in the South, Spring is
here. So we thought we'd share a few of our gardening sites appropriate
for this time of the year. Along with gardening, there's grilling, and getting
ready to diet so that you can fit back into that bathing suit this summer!
Bannock. This tribe and the
Shoshoni roamed over the northern part of Utah as far as the Uintah
Mountains, and beyond Great Salt Lake. (See Idaho.)
Gosiute. The Gosiute were a
small body of Indians inhabiting the region about Great Salt Lake in
northern Utah. They were long supposed to be a mixture of Ute and Shoshoni
but are now known to have been connected only with the Shoshoni. They
attracted particular attention because of their wretched manner of life,
which
reports frequently exaggerated unduly. (See Shoshoni, Western, under
Idaho.)
Navaho. This tribe occupied,
at least at times, a small part of the southeastern section of Utah as far
as the San Juan River. (See New Mexico.)
Paiute, Southern.
The Southern Paiute occupied the southwestern part of Utah. (See Nevada.)
Shoshoni, Western.
The Western Shoshoni extended into northern Utah; they included the
Gosiute, as above stated. (See Idaho.)
Ute. Significance unknown. Also
called:
Grasshopper Indians, Pattie (1833).
Iätä-go,
Kiowa name.
Ietan, a form of their name used widely for Indians of the
Shoshonean stock.
Mactciñgeha wain,
Omaha and Ponca name, signifying "rabbit skin robes.'
Moh-tau-hai'-to-ni-o, Cheyenne name, signifying "the black men."
Násuia kwe, Zuñi
name, signifying "deer-hunting men."
No-ochi or Notch, own name.
Nota-á, Navaho name.
Quazula, seems to be the Jemez name for them.
Sápa wichasha, Dakota name,
signifying "black people."
Tâ'hana, Taos name.
Tcingawúptuh, former Hopi name.
Wáatenǐhts,
Atsina name, signifying "black."
Connections. The Ute
belonged to the Shoshonean division of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock
and were related more closely to the true Paiute, Kawaiisu, and
Chemehuevi.
Location. In central and
western Colorado and all of eastern Utah, including the eastern part of
Salt Lake Valley and Utah Valley and extending into the upper drainage
area of the San Juan River in New Mexico. (See also Nevada and Wyoming.)
Subdivisions
Capote, in the Tierra Amarilla and Chama River
country, northwestern New
Mexico.
Elk Mountain Ute (perhaps the Sabuaguanos of Escalante (1882) and
Tah-bah
was-chief of Beckwith (1882), especially if the initial letter in one
or the other
case has been misread, in the Elk Mountains of Colorado.
Kosunats, on Uintah Reservation in 1873.
Moache, in southwest Colorado and northwest New Mexico.
Pahvant, around the lower portion of Sevier Lake and River, Utah.
Pavógowunsin, on the upper
course of the Sevier River, south of the Salina River.
Pikakwanarats, on the Uinta Reservation in 1873.
Sampits or Sanpet, around Manti on San Pitch Creek but wintering on
Sevier
River, Utah.
Seuvarits or Sheberetch, in the Castle Valley country and on
headwaters of
San Rafael River, in east central Utah.
Tabeguache, in southwest Colorado, chiefly about Los Pinos.
Tumpanogots or Timpaiavats, about Utah Lake, Utah.
Uinta, in northeastern Utah.
Wiminuche, in southwest Colorado, chiefly in the valley of the San
Juan and its
northern tributaries.
Yampa, on and about Green and Colorado Rivers in eastern Utah.
The Sogup, in or near New
Mexico, and Yubuincariri, west of Green River, Utah, are also given as
former bands, and a few others of uncertain status also appear, such as
the Kwiumpus, Nauwanatats, and Unkapanukints. In later years the
recognized divisions were reduced to three: Tabeguache or Uncompahgre,
Kaviawach or White River, and Yoovte or Uinta.
History. The Ute occupied
the region above indicated when they came to the knowledge of the
Spaniards, who were the first Europeans to encounter them. Their warlike
disposition was early accentuated by the introduction of horses among
them. Our first intimate knowledge of them is derived from the diary of
Fray Silvestre Velez de Escalante, who penetrated 'their country in 1776.
For a brief period they were organized into a confederacy under a chief
named Tabby (Taiwi). The first treaty between the United States Government
and the Ute was concluded December 30, 1849. By Executive order of October
3, 1861, Uintah Valley was set apart for the Uinta Band, while the
remainder of the land claimed by them was taken without formal purchase.
By a treaty of October 7, 1863, a reservation was assigned to the
Tabeguache, and the remainder of their land was taken without formal
purchase. On May 5, 1864, various reserves, established in 1856 and 1859
by Indian agents, were ordered vacated and sold. By a treaty of March 2,
1868, a reservation was created in Colorado for the Tabeguache, Moache,
Capote, Wiminuche, Yampa, Grand River, Uinta, and other bands, who
relinquished the remainder of their lands, but by an agreement of
September 13, 1873, a part of the reservation, was ceded to the United
States. When it was found that a portion of this last cession was included
in the Uncompahgre Valley, the part so included was retroceded to the Ute
by Executive order of August 17, 1876. By Executive order of November 22,
1875,the Ute Reservation was enlarged, but this additional tract was
restored to the public domain by an order of August 4, 1882. By Act of
June 18, 1878, a portion of the Act of May 5, 1864, was repealed, and
several tracts included in the reservations there under established were
restored to the public domain. Under an agreement of November 9, 1878, the
Moache, Capote, and Wiminuche ceded their right to the confederated Ute
Reservation established by the 1868 treaty, the United States agreeing to
establish a reservation for them on San Juan River, a promise which was
finally fulfilled by Executive order of February 7, 1879. On March 6,
1880, the Southern Ute and the Uncompahgre acknowledged an agreement to
settle
respectively on La Plata River and on the Grand River near the mouth of
the Gunnison, while the White River Ute agreed to move to the Uinta
Reservation in Utah. Sufficient agricultural land not being found at the
point designated as the future home of the Uncompahgre, the President, by
Executive order of January 5, 1882, established a reserve for them in
Utah, the boundaries of which were defined by Executive order of the same
date. By Act of May 24, 1888, a part of the Uinta Reservation was restored
to the public domain. The tribe has since been allotted land in severalty.
Population. Mooney (1928)
estimates that there were 4,500 Ute in 1845, including the Gosiute. In
1870 there were supposed to be 4,000. The official reports give 3,391 in
1885 and 2,014 in 1909. The census of 1910 returned 2,244; the United
States Indian Office in 1923, 1,922, including some Paiute; and the Indian
Office in 1937, 2,163.
Connections in which they
have become noted. The Ute shared with the Shoshoni the reputation of
being the strongest and most warlike of the Plateau people. The State of
Utah derives its name from the Ute. Utah is also the name of a county and
a lake in this State. There is a place called Utahville in Clearfield
County, Pa., and localities called Ute in Montrose County, Colo., and
Monona County, Iowa, and Ute Park in Colfax County, N. Mex.
