Yanktonai (ihanke
'end,' tonwan 'village,' na
diminutive: 'little-end village.'Riggs). One of the 7 primary divisions or
subtribes of the Dakota, speaking the same dialect as the Yankton and
believed to be the elder tribe. Long evidently obtained tradition from the
Indians to this effect. He first apparent reference to one of the tribes
in which the other is not included is that to the Yankton by La Sueur in
1700. It is not until noticed by Lewis and Clark in 1804 that they
reappear. These explorers state that they roved on the headwaters of the
Sioux, James, and Red rivers. The migration from their eastern home, north
of Mille Lac, Minn., probably took place at the beginning of the 18th
century. It is likely that they followed or accompanied the Teton, while
the Yankton turned more and more toward the southwest. Long (1823) speaks
of them as one of the most important of the Dakota tribes, their hunting
grounds extending from Red river to the Missouri. Warren (1855) gives as
their habitat the country between the James river and the Missouri,
extending as far north as Devils lake, and states that they fought against
the United States in the War of 1812, and that their chief at that time
went to England. It does not appear that this tribe took any part in the
Minnesota massacre of 1862.
In 1865 separate treaties of peace were made with the
United States by the Upper and Lower Yanktonai, binding them to use their
influence and power to prevent hostilities not only against citizens, but
also between the Indian tribes in the region occupied or frequented by
them. Subsequently they were gathered on reservations, the Upper Yanktonai
mostly at Standing Rock, partly also at Devils Lake, North Dakota; the
Lower Yanktonai (Hunkpatina) chiefly on Crow Creek reservation, South
Dakota, but part at Standing Rock reservation, North Dakota, and some at
Fort Peck reservation, Mont.
Their customs and characteristics are those common to
the Dakota. Long (1823) states that they had no fixed residence, but dwelt
in fine lodges of well dressed and decorated skins, and frequented, for
the purpose of trade, Lake Traverse, Big Stone lake, and Cheyenne river.
Their chief, Wanotan, wore a splendid cloak of buffalo skins, dressed so
as to be a fine white color, which was decorated with tufts of owl
feathers and others of various hues. His necklace was formed of about 60
claws of the grizzly bear, and his leggings, jacket, and moccasins were of
white skins profusely decorated with human hair, the moccasins being
variegated with plumage from several birds. In his hair, secured by a
strip of red cloth, he wore 9 sticks, neatly cut and smoothed and painted
with vermilion, which designated the number of gunshot wounds he had
received. His hair was plaited in two tresses, which hung forward; his
face was painted with vermilion, and in his hand he carried a large fan of
turkey feathers.
The primary divisions of the tribe are Upper Yanktonai
and Hunkpatina. These are really subtribes, each having its organization.
The first notice of subdivisions is that by Lewis and
Clark, who mention the Kiyuksa, Wazikute, Hunkpatina, and the unidentified
Hahatonwanna, Honetaparteenwaz, and Zaartar. Hayden (1862) mentions the
Hunkpatina, Pabaksa, and Wazikute, and speaks of two other bands, one
called the Santee, and probably not Yanktonai. J. O. Dorsey gives as
subdivisions, which he calls gentes, of the Upper Yanktonai: Wazikute,
Takini, Shikshichena, Bakihon, Kiyuksa, Pabaksa, and another whose name
was not ascertained. His subdivisions of the Hunkpatina are Putetemini,
Shungikcheka, Takhuhayuta, Sanona, Ihasha, Iteghu, and Pteyuteshni.
English translations of names of hands of Yanktonai of which little else
is known are `The band that wishes the life' and The few that lived.'
The population as given at different dates varies
widely. Lewis and Clark (1806) estimate the men at 500, equal to a total
of about 1,750; Long (1823), 5,200; Rep. Ind. Aff. for 1842, 6,000; Warren
in 1856, 6,400; in 1867, 4,500; Ind. Aff. Rep. for 1874,2,266; in 1885
returns from the agencies gave 6,618, while in 1886 the reported number
was only 5,109. The Lower Yanktonai, or Hunkpatina, are chiefly under the
Crow Creek school, South Dakota, where, together with some Lower Brules,
Miniconjou, and Two Kettles, they numbered 1,019 in 1909. There are others
under the Standing Rock agency, North Dakota, but their number is not
separately enumerated. The Upper Yanktonai are chiefly under the Standing
Rock agency, and while their number is not separately reported, there are
probably about 3,500 at this place. The Pabaksa branch of the Upper
Yanktonai are under the Ft Totten school, North Dakota, but their number
is not known. The so-called "Yankton Sioux" under the Ft Peck agency,
Mont., are in reality chiefly Yanktonai.. These, with several other Sioux
tribes, numbered 1,082 in 1909.
