A. D.

544

The Toltecs, according to ancient traditions, commenced their migration from the north to the vale of Anahuac, or Mexico.

648

The Toltecs arrived at Tollantzinco, in Anahuac.

982

Eirek the Red discovered Greenland, and planted a colony there.

985

Biarni Heriulfson discovered the American coast.

1008

Thorfmn Karlsefni planted a colony in New England.

1051

The Toltecs destroyed by a pestilence.

1070

The barbarous nation of the Chichimecas succeeded the Toltecs.

1170

The Nahuatlacas, or Seven Tribes, among whom were the Aztecs, commenced their migration from the north.

1325

The Aztecs founded the city of ancient Mexico.

1492

Oct. 12. Columbus landed at Guanahani, or Cat Island, on his first voyage of discovery.

1498

Columbus first touched the shores of South America, and held intercourse with the Arawaks.

1500

Jan. 26. Vicente Pinzon landed near Cape St. Augustine, at the eastern extremity of South America, and took formal possession.

1501

Portuguese discoverers, under Vespucius, landed at Brazil.

1509

Juan de Solis slain by the natives at the estuary of La Plata.

1518

L. Velasquez de Ayllon landed on the Carolina coast in search of Indian slaves and gold.

1519

Nov. 8. Cortez entered the city of Mexico, and held his first inter view with the Emperor Montezuma

1520

Night of July 1. The "Noche Triste," on which the Spaniards made their disastrous retreat from the city of Mexico.

1521

Towards the close of May, the Spaniards, with reinforcements, having again advanced upon the Aztec capital, laid close siege to it.

1521

Aug. 13. Gautimozin, successor to Montezuma, was taken prisoner, and the city fell into the power of the Spanish invaders.

1524

Nov. Francisco Pizarro sailed on his first expedition to Peru.

1528

Expedition of Pamphilo de Narvaez to Florida, with a party of four hundred men. About forty horses were landed the first ever seen by the natives.

1531

Pizarro landed and established himself in Peru.

1532

Nov. 15. Entry of Pizarro into Caxamalca, and first interview of his officers with the Inca, Atahuallpa.

1532

Nov. 16. Horrible massacre of the Indians, and seizure of the Inca.

1533

Aug. 29. Atahuallpa infamously put to death, by the garrotte.

1533

Nov. Entry of the Spaniards into Cuzco, the capital of Peru.

1535

Almagro’s expedition into Chili.

1538

May. Fernando de Soto landed at Tampa Bay. The bloody scenes attendant upon the conquest of Florida ensued.

1540

Pedro Valdivia s invasion of Chili.

1552

His progress through Arauco.

1553

Dec. 3. Great battle between the Spaniards and the Araucanians, in which the latter, under Caupolican, gained a signal victory.

1555

The Spanish town of Conception attacked and destroyed by the Araucanians, under Lautaro.

1556

Lautaro surprised and slain by Villagran.

1558

Expedition of Garcia de Mendoza to the archipelago of Chiloe.

1562

French refugees settled peaceably among the Indians on the St. John’s river, Florida.

1584

Amidas and Barlow opened a friendly intercourse with the Virginia Indians.

1585

Those belonging to Sir Richard Grenville’s expedition to Virginia commenced outrages and hostilities, which resulted in the destruction of several successive colonies.

1595

Raleigh entered the Orinoco, and held intercourse with the natives.

1598

Nov. Great rising of the Chilians, under the Toqui Paillamachu: expulsion of the Spaniards from the Araucanian territory.

1606

Bartholomew Gosnoll’s expedition to Virginia, with which the celebrated Captain John Smith was connected.

1608

June. Smith s exploration of the Chesapeake; his first meeting with the Massawomekes, or Iroquois

1608

In the autumn of this year, Powhatan was formally crowned the regalia having been sent over from England.

1608

Dec. Powhatan s conspiracy against Smith and his party, and their preservation by Pocahontas

1613

Pocahontas seized and detained by Captain Argall

1613

April . Marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe.

1614

Thomas Hunt landed at Monhegan, and enticed twenty-four Indians on board his vessel, whom he carried to Europe as slaves.

1617

Pocahontas died, at Gravesend, in England

1618

Powhatan died.

1620

Nov. 9. The May-Flower arrived

1620

" Dec. 8. First skirmish of the N. England settlers with the natives.

1620

Dec. 22. Their landing at Plymouth.

1621

March 22. Treaty between the Plymouth settlers and Massasoit.

1622

March 22. Great massacre of the Virginia settlers by the Indians, set on by Opechancanough: three hundred and forty-seven killed.

1625

Great battle with the Caribs on the island of St. Christopher,two thousand of that nation destroyed.

1628

Firearms extensively diffused among the Indians of New England, by Dutch traders and one Thomas Morton.

1637

The Pequod War broke out: siege of the English garrison at Saybrook.

1637

June 5. A little before day the Pequod fort attacked and destroyed; barbarous destruction of women and children.

1640

Peace concluded between the Spanish colonists under Francisco Zuniga, and the Araucanians.

1643

Miantonimo put to death by, Uncas.

1644

Second Virginia massacre, planned by Opechancanough

1653

The nation of the Eries exterminated by the Iroquois.

1662

Philip, or Metacomet, succeeded his brother Alexander.

1665

Peace again concluded between the Spaniards and Araucanians.

1675

June 24, O. S. First blood shed in King Philip s war.

1675

Dec. 19. Destruction of the Narragansett fort

1676

Aug. 12. Philip killed by an Indian of Captain Church s party.

1676

Aug. Capture of Annawon, by Church, and end of the war.

1682

Dec. First treaty of William Penn with the Delawares.

1688

Invasion of Canada, and attack on Montreal by the Iroquois

1710

First deputation of Iroquois chiefs to the court of Queen Anne.

1711

Sept. 22. Massacre of whites in North Carolina by the Tuscaroras.

1713

March 26. The Tuscarora fort on Tar river destroyed by Colonel Moore eight hundred prisoners taken.

1713

Union of the main body of the Tuscaroras with the Iroquois.

1729

Nov. 30. Massacre of the French inhabitants of Natchez, by the Natchez Indians.

1738

Nearly one half of the Cherokees destroyed by the small pox.

1749

Singular intrigues of the Reverend Thomas Bosomworth and his wife, the half-breed, Mary Musgrove, among the Creeks.

1750

Settlement of difficulties between Spanish and Portuguese colonies on the river La Plata: thirty thousand Guarani Indians expatriated.

1755

July 9. Disastrous defeat of General Braddock, by the French and Indians, a few miles from Fort Duquesne.

1759

Winter. War between the Cherokees and the British colonists.

1760

Spring. Colonel Montgomery’s expedition against the Cherokees: destruction of all their towns east of the Blue Ridge.

1761

Spring. Colonel Grant s campaign against the Cherokees: their reduction, and the ravage of their towns in the interior.

1763

May. Siege of Detroit commenced by Pontiac.

July 30 Battle of Bloody Bridge, and terrible destruction of English troops under Captain Dalyell, by Pontiac and his warriors.

1773

Peace concluded between the Spaniards and the Araucanians.

1774

. In the spring of this year commenced the bloody war in Western Virginia and Pennsylvania, known as Cresap’s war.

1774

Oct. 10. Great battle at Point Pleasant, mouth of the Kanawha.

1777

July. Battle of Oriskany; General Herkimer mortally wounded.

1778

July 4. Destruction of the settlements in the valley of Wyoming.

1778

Nov. Massacre at Cherry Valley.

1779

Sept. General Sullivan s campaign against the Iroquois: destruction of all their towns, crops, fruit trees, and stores.

1780.

Aug. Ravage of a portion of the Mohawk valley, by Brant.

1781

Great insurrection of the Peruvian Indians, under Tupac Amaru.

1781

June. Grand council of war held by the western tribes.

1781

Defeat of Colonels Todd, Trigg, and party, near the Blue Licks. " Indian towns of Chilicothe, Pecaway, &c., destroyed by Gen. Clarke.

1785

Brant visited England, and was received with flattering attention.

1786

Dec. Grand Council of western Indians at Huron Village.

1791

Autumn. Unsuccessful expedition of General Harmar

1791

" Nov. 4. Disastrous defeat of General St. Clair, by the Indians, under Little Turtle, near the Miami.

1794

Aug. 20. Battle of Presque Isle, in which the western Indians, under Blue Jacket, were signally defeated by General Wayne

1804

Elskwatawa, the prophet, brother of Tecumseh, engaged in intrigues among the tribes of the west.

1809

Sept. Cession of lands on the Wabash, obtained by General Harrison from the Indians.

1810

Departure of Tecumseh southward, for the purpose of rousing up the Creeks, Cherokees, &c.

1811

Night of Nov. 6. Battle at the Prophet s Town, in which Elskwatawa s forces were defeated and dispersed by General Harrison.

1813

Aug. 30. Sack of Fort Mimms, in the Tensau settlement, by the great Creek warrior Weatherford, with fifteen hundred Indians.

1813

Oct. 5. Battle of the Thames: the great Indian chief Tecumseh killed.

1813

Nov. 29. Battle of Autosse; destruction of two hundred Indians by General Floyd s forces, aided by Indian allies led by M’Intosh.

1814

March 27. Battle of Horse-shoe Bend, in the Tallapoosie: the Creeks and other southern Indians defeated by General Jackson.

1823

Sept. 18. Treaty of Moultrie Creek, by which the Seminoles were to remove within certain limits.

1829

Dec. 20. Acts passed by the Georgia legislature, annulling the Cherokee laws, and infringing upon the rights of that people.

1830

July. Treaty at Prairie du Chien, with the Sacs and Foxes, Iowas, Sioux, &c. concerning cession of lands east of the Mississippi.

1831

June. General Games’ expedition to compel removal of the Sacs.

1832

May 8. Treaty of Payne s Landing, by the provisions of which the Seminoles were to remove west of the Mississippi.

1832

May 14. Defeat of Major Stillman and his forces, by Black Hawk.

1832

Aug. 2. Black-Hawk s forces defeated by General Atkinson.

1832

27. Surrender of Black -Hawk and the Prophet.

1835

Oct. The Florida war commenced.

1835

Dec. Treaty of New Echota with the Cherokees, (known as Schermerhorn’s treaty) upon the subject of removal of that nation west of the Mississippi.

1835

Dec. 28. Destruction of Dade s detachment, by the Seminoles.

1836

March 14. Schermerhorn s treaty with the Cherokees ratified by Congress.

1836

Spring. General Scott s campaign in Florida.

1837

Jan. 22. General Jessup moved southward towards the everglades in pursuit of the Seminoles.

1838

Oct. 3. Black-Hawk died, at the age of 73.

1842

The Florida war at an end: several hundred Indians transported west of the Mississippi.

1850

Hostilities renewed with the remaining Seminoles, under Billy Bowlegs, in Florida.

1856

War with the Oregon Indians.

1856

Peace concluded. Treaties made with the various tribes.

1857

Annihilation of Indians through U. S. troops under Gen. Harney.

1857

Massacre of settlers in Minnesota.

1858

Billy Bowlegs and thirty Warriors, give themselves up to the U. States, and agree to settle west of the Mississippi.

1858

Renewal of hostilities with the Oregon Indians.

1862

Sioux Massacre in Minnesota.

1863

Sioux Massacre in Minnesota.