Oklahoma Indian Tribes
This was one of the tribes of the
Creek Confederacy, part of which accompanied the Creeks to Oklahoma early in the
nineteenth century and settled near Weleetka, where a small station on the
Frisco Railway bears their name. (See Alabama.)
The name was given to a tribe or
rather a group of tribes. (See
Jicarilla under
Colorado; Kiowa Apache, under
Kansas;
Lipan under
Texas;
also
Apache under
New Mexico.)
A few individuals of this tribe removed to Oklahoma from Alabama or
Louisiana. Dr. Gatschet learned the names of two or three individuals
about 1884. (See Florida.)
In early times the Arapaho ranged
to some extent over the western sections of Oklahoma, and part of them (the
Southern Arapaho) were finally given a reservation and later allotted land in
severalty in the west central part along with the Southern Cheyenne. (See
Wyoming.)
A few Biloxi reached Oklahoma and
settled with the Choctaw and Creeks. (See Mississippi.)
The Caddo moved to Oklahoma in
1859 and were given a reservation in the southwestern part about Anadarko, where
they were allotted land in severalty. (See Texas.)
The Cherokee were moved to a large
reservation in the northeastern part of Oklahoma in the
winter of 1838-39. After nearly 70 years of existence
under their own tribal government they were allotted
land in severalty and became citizens of the United
States. (See
Tennessee.)
The
history of the Southern Cheyenne parallels that of the
Southern Arapaho as given above. (See
South Dakota.)
The
Chickasaw moved to the present Oklahoma between 1822 and
1840. They had their own government for many years but
are now citizens. (See Mississippi.)
This tribe moved to Oklahoma
about the same time as the Chickasaw though several thousand remained in their
old country. Like the Chickasaw they had their own national government for a
long time but are now citizens at large of Oklahoma. (See
Mississippi.)
The western part of Oklahoma was
occupied by the Comanche during their later history, and they were finally given
a reservation in the southwestern part of it, where they were allotted land in
severalty and given the privileges of citizenship. (See Texas.)
The tribes constituting the Creek
Confederacy came to Oklahoma between 1836 and 1841 and were given a reservation
in the northeastern part, where they maintained a national government until
early in the present century when their lands were allotted in severalty, and
they became citizens. (See
Alabama,
Florida, and
Georgia.)
In 1867 a part of the Delaware
were removed from Kansas to the northeastern part of what is now Oklahoma and
incorporated with the Cherokee Nation. Another band of Delaware is with the
Caddo and Wichita in southwestern Oklahoma. (See New Jersey.)
A few Fox Indians accompanied the
Sauk (q. v.) to Oklahoma in 1867. (See Wisconsin.)
This is a subtribe of the Creek Confederacy. (See
Georgia; also Creeks and Creek Confederacy above and under
Alabama,
Florida, and
Georgia.)
In 1868 the surviving Illinois Indians, principally Peoria and
Kaskaskia, previously united with the Miami bands, Wea and Piankashaw,
moved to Oklahoma and occupied a reserve in the northeastern part of the
State under the name Peoria. (See Illinois.)
Part of the Iowa were moved from
Kansas to a reserve in central Oklahoma set apart in 1883; they were allotted
land in severalty in 1890. (See
Iowa.)
Some Iroquois Indians, together
with the Tuscarora, some Wyandot, and probably Indians of the former Erie
Nation, all under the name of Seneca Indians, were given a reservation in
northeastern Oklahoma, where their descendants still live, now as citizens of
the United States. (See
New
York and Ohio.)
This was one of those Athapascan
tribes known as Apache. In early times they ranged over parts of western
Oklahoma. (See
Colorado.)
In 1873 the Kansa were moved to
Oklahoma and given a reservation in the northeastern part of the State. (See
Kansas.)
In very early times this tribe lived on, or perhaps north of, Red River, but
later they worked their way south to the head-waters of the Trinity. In 1859
they returned to the north side of the river in haste in fear of attack by the
Texans and have since lived with the Wichita in the neighborhood of Anadarko.
(See Texas.)
In 1873 some Kickapoo were
brought back from Mexico and settled in the central part of Oklahoma, where all
but a certain portion of the Mexican band were afterward gathered. (See
Wisconsin.)
These
tribes formerly ranged over much of the western part of
this State. (See Kansas.)
The
Koasati were one of the tribes of the Creek Confederacy.
They removed to northeastern Oklahoma with the rest of
the Creeks and settled in the western part of the Creek
territory. (See
Alabama and
Louisiana.)
The Lipan
were the easternmost band of Apache; some of them are
with the Tonkawa. (See Texas.)
Part of
the Miami were brought from Indiana and given a
reservation in the extreme northeastern part of Oklahoma
along with the Illinois. (See Indiana.)
Some of these Indians accompanied the
Seminole to Oklahoma and as late as 1914 had a Square
Ground of their own. (See
Florida.)
The
remnant of the Missouri came to Oklahoma with the Oto in
1882 and shared their reservation. (See Missouri.)
In 1873,
at the end of the Modoc War, a part of the defeated
tribe was sent to Oklahoma and placed on the Quapaw
Reservation where a few yet remain. (See
Oregon.)
A small Creek division said to have kept its identity
in Oklahoma. (See
Alabama.)
A few
Munsee accompanied the Delaware proper to Oklahoma and
21 were reported there in 1910. (See
New Jersey.)
This was
the name of the principal tribe or group of tribes of
the Creeks.
A small band of Natchez accompanied the Creeks to Oklahoma and settled
near Eufaula, where they later became merged in the rest of the Creek
population. Another band of Natchez settled in the Cherokee Nation, near
Illinois River, and a very few still preserve something of their identity.
(See Mississippi.)
Chief
Joseph's band of Nez Perce were sent to Oklahoma in
1878, but they suffered so much from the change of
climate that they were transferred to Colville
Reservation in 1885. (See Idaho.)
A Creek
tribe and town belonging to the Hitchiti division of the
Nation. Its name is perpetuated in the city of Okmulgee,
former capital of the Creek Nation in Oklahoma. (See Georgia.)
The Osage
formerly owned most of northern Oklahoma and after they
had sold the greater part of it still retained a large
reservation in the northeast, which they continue to
occupy, though they have now been allotted land in
severalty. (See
Missouri.)
In 1880 a
part of the Oto moved to the lands of the Sauk and Fox
Indians in Oklahoma and in 1882 the rest followed. (See
Nebraska.)
When they
surrendered their lands in Michigan and Ohio, some
Ottawa bands including those of Blanchard's Fork and
Roche de Boeuf migrated to Kansas, and about 1868, to
Oklahoma, settling in the northeastern part of the
State. (See Michigan.)
The
Pawnee moved to Oklahoma in 1876 and were given a
reservation in the north central part of the State,
where they have now been allotted land in severalty.
(See Nebraska.)
(See
Illinois.)
Piankashaw, see Miami.
In 1877
the Ponca were moved by force to Oklahoma and, though
some individuals were finally allotted land in severalty
in their old country, the greater part settled
permanently near the Osage in northeastern Oklahoma.
The
Potawatomi of the Woods were moved from Kansas to
Oklahoma in 1867–81 and given a reservation in the
central part of the State. (See Michigan.)
Lands were granted to the Quapaw
in the extreme southeastern part of Kansas and the extreme northeastern part of
Oklahoma in 1833. In 1867, they ceded all their lands in Kansas and have since
confined themselves within the limits of Oklahoma, though the reservation of the
Osage. (See
Arkansas.)
In 1867 the Sauk ceded their
lands in Kansas in exchange for a tract in the central part of Oklahoma, where
they have continued to live down to the present time. (See Wisconsin.)
The greater part of the Seminole
were removed to Oklahoma after the Seminole War in Florida. (See Florida.)
See Iroquois.
The Absentee Shawnee moved from
Kansas to what is now central Oklahoma about 1845; in 1867 .i second band, which
had been living with the Seneca in Kansas, also moved to Oklahoma but settled in
the extreme northeastern part of the State; and in 1869 the third and largest
section removed to the lands of the Cherokee by agreement with that tribe. (See
Tennessee.)
Said to refer to "a river bend
among red hills," or "neck of land in the water." The synonyms should not be
confounded with those of the Tonkawa. See
Tawakoni Location
Meaning unknown. Lesser and Weltfish
(1932) suggest that this group was identical with a Wichita band reported to
them as Tiwa. They have been given some of the same synonyms as the Wichita.
In 1884 the remnant of the Tonkawa were
removed to Oklahoma and the next year settled on a reservation near Ponca,
where they were finally allotted land in severalty. (See Texas.)
Connections. The Tawehash
belonged to the Caddoan linguistic stock and were related closely to the
Wichita, Tawakoni, Waco, and Yscani.
Location. Their earliest
known home was on Canadian River north of the headwaters of the Washita.
Villages. In 1778 Méziéres
found two native villages to which he gave the names San Teodoro and San
Bernardo.
History. The Tawehash
were encountered in the above situation by La Harpe in 1719. They moved
south about the same time as the Tawakoni and other tribes of the group
and were found on Red River in 1759, when they defeated a strong Spanish
force sent against them. They remained in this same region until in course
of time they united with the Wichita and disappeared from history. Their
descendants are among the Wichita in Oklahoma.
Population. Most writers
give estimates of the Tawehash along with the Wichita and other related
tribes. In 1778 they occupied two villages aggregating 160 lodges and
numbered 800 fighting men and youths.
A Creek
division believed to be connected linguistically with
the Alabama Indians. It removed to Oklahoma with the
other Creeks and established itself in the northwestern
part of the allotted territory. (See
Alabama.)
According to Lesser and Weltfish (1932), from Wehiko, a
corruption of Mexico, and given the name because they were always fighting
with the Mexicans. The same authorities report that the Waco are thought
to have been a part of the Tawakoni without an independent village but
separated later. See Waco
Location
See Miami.
From wits, "man." See
Wichita Location
In 1867 a part of the Wyandot who
had been living in Kansas was removed to the northeastern corner of Oklahoma
where they have since remained. It is probable that this body includes more of
the old Tionontati than of the true Wyandot. (See
Ohio.)
Meaning unknown.
Also
spelled Ascani, Hyscani, Ixcani.
Connections. This was one
of the confederated Wichita tribes and therefore without doubt related to
them in speech, and thus of the Caddoan linguistic family.
Location. The Yscani are
first mentioned in connection with the Wichita and allied tribes on the
South Canadian in the territory later assigned to the Chickasaw Nation.
Part, however, were reported to be living 60 leagues farther toward the
northwest.
History. The Yscani
evidently moved south from the above-mentioned location at the same time
as the other tribes. They kept particularly close to the Tawakoni, with
whose history their own is almost identical. As the name Yscani disappears
from the early annals shortly before the name Waco appears in them, it has
been thought that the Waco were the Yscani under a new name, but Lesser
and Weltfish (1932) identify the Waco with the Isis or Tokane, perhaps
both. (See Waco above.)
Population. In 1772 their
village was reported to contain 60 warriors, and about 1782 the entire
tribe was said to have about 90 families.
Yuchi Although originally an independent tribe, the Yuchi united with the
Creeks before coming west, and they settled in the Creek Nation, in the
northwestern part of that territory, where their descendants still live.
(See Georgia.)
Additional Resources:
Notes About the Book:
Source: The Indian Tribes of North America, by John R. Swanton, 1953, Bureau of
American Ethnology, Bulletin 145, US Government Printing Office, Washington DC.
Online Publication: The manuscript was scanned and then ocr'd. Minimal editing
has been done, and readers can and should expect some errors in the textual
output.
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