While we know our northern friends may not feel it, in the South, Spring is
here. So we thought we'd share a few of our gardening sites appropriate
for this time of the year. Along with gardening, there's grilling, and getting
ready to diet so that you can fit back into that bathing suit this summer!
Apache. Probably from
ápachu, "enemy," the Zuni name for
the Navaho who were designated "Apaches de Nabaju" by the early Spaniards
in New Mexico. The name has also been applied to some Yuman tribes, the
Apache Mohave (Yavapai) and the Apache Yuma. Also called:
Ahuádjĕ, Havasupai name for at least Tonto and White Mountain Apache.
Ai-a'-ta, Panamint name.
Atokúwe, Kiowa name.
Awátch or Awatche, Ute name.
Chah'-shm, Santo Domingo Keres name.
Chïshyë, Laguna name.
Ha-ma-kaba-mitt kwa-dig, Mohave name, meaning "far-away Mohave."
H'iwana,
Taos name.
Igihua'-a, Havasupai name.
Inde or Nde, own name.
Jarosoma, Pima name (from Kino).
Mountain Comanche, by Yoakum (1855-56).
Muχtsuhintan, Cheyenne name.
Oop, Papago name.
Op, or Awp, Pima name.
Póanin, Sandia and Isleta name
(Hodge, 1895).
P'ónin, Isleta name (Gatschet,
MS., B. A. E.)..
Shis-Inday, own name meaning "men of the woods," because their
winter quarters were always in the forest.
Tá-ashi, Comanche name, meaning
"turned up," and having reference to their moccasins.
Tagúi, Old Kiowa name.
Tágukerésh,
Pecos name.
Trishǐn, Comanche name (Mooney,
1898).
Taχkáhe,
Arapaho name.
Thah-a-i-nin', Arapaho name, meaning "people who play on bone
instruments," meaning two bison ribs, one notched, over which the
other is rubbed.
Tinnä'-ash, Wichita name.
Tshishé, Laguna name.
Utce-cí-nyu-mûh
or Utsaamu, or Yotché-eme, Hopi
name.
Xa-hë'-to-ño',
Cheyenne name meaning "those who tie their hair back."
Connections. Together
with the Navaho, the Apache constituted the western group of the southern
division of the Athapascan linguistic stock (Hoijer, 1938).
Location. In southern New
Mexico and Arizona, western Texas, and southeastern Colorado, also ranging
over much of northern Mexico. (See also Kansas, Oklahoma, and Mexico.)
Subdivisions
On linguistic grounds Hoijer
(1938) divides the southern Athapascans into two main groups, a western
and an eastern. The latter includes the Jicarilla, Lipan, and Kiowa
Apache, the two former being more closely related to each other than
either is to the Kiowa Apache. In the western group Hoijer again
distinguishes two major subdivisions, the Navaho, and the San
Carlos-Chiricahua-Mescalero. The Navaho are always regarded as a distinct
tribe and will be so treated here. Separate treatment is also being given
to the Jicarilla, Lipan, and Kiowa Apache. The rest of the southern
Athapascans will be placed under the present head, it being freely
admitted at the same time that such treatment is mainly a matter of
convenience and that it is impossible to say how many and what southern
Athapascan divisions should be given tribal status. What is here called
the Apache Tribe may be classified as follows with the locations of the
divisions, basing the scheme on the classifications of Hoijer and Goodwin
(1935) :
1. San Carlos Group:
San Carlos proper:
Apache Peaks Band, in the Apache
Mountains, northeast of Globe.
Arivaipa Band, on Arivaipa Creek.
Pinal Band, between Salt and Gila Rivers in Gila and Pinal Counties.
San Carlos Band, in the region of San Carlos River between Gila and
Salt
Rivers.
White Mountain Group:
Eastern White Mountain Band, in the
region of the upper Gila and Salt Rivers in
southeastern Arizona.
Western White Mountain Band, in the same
region between the Eastern Band
and the San Carlos Band.
Cibecue Group:
Canyon Creek Band, centering on Canyon
Creek in Gila and Navajo Counties.
Carrizo Rand, on Carrizo Creek in Gila County.
Cibicue Band, on Cibecue Creek between the two last.
Southern Tonto Group:
Mazatzal Band, about the Mazatzal
Mountains.
Six semibands: north of Roosevelt Lake; on the upper Tonto Creek;
between
the upper Tonto and the East Verde; west of the
preceding between the East Verde, Tonto, and Verde; north of the
East Verde; and from Cherry Creek to Clear Creek.
Northern Tonto Group:
Bald Mountain Band, about Bald Mountain,
south of Camp Verde.
Fossil Creek Band, on Fossil Creek between Gila and Yavapai
Counties.
Mormon Lake Band, centering on Mormon Lake south of Flagstaff.
Oak Creek Band, about Oak Creek south of Flagstaff.
2. Chiricahua-Mescalero Group:
Gilefios Group:
Chiricahua Band, about the Chiricahua
Mountains in southeastern Arizona.
Mimbrefio Band, centered in the Mimbres Mountains in southwestern
New
Mexico.
Mogollon Band, about the Mogollon
Mountains in Catron and Grant Counties,
N. Mex.
Warm Spring Band, at the head of Gila
River.
Mescalero Group:
Faraon or Apache Band of Pharaoh, a
southern division of the Mescalero. Mescalero Band, mainly between
the Rio Grande and Pecos Rivers, N. Mex.
The term Querecho, as well as
Vaquero, was applied rather generally to Apache by the Spaniards but
probably more particularly to the Mescalero and their allies.
Under Llanero were included Mescalero, Jicarilla, and
even some Comanche. The term Coyotero has been applied to some of the San
Carlos divisions and recently by Murdock (1941) to all.
History. The Apache
tribes had evidently drifted from the north during the prehistoric period,
probably along the eastern flanks of the Rocky Mountains. When Coronado
encountered them in 1540 under the name Querechos, they were in eastern
New Mexico and western Texas, and they apparently did not reach Arizona
until after the middle of the sixteenth century. They were first called
Apache by Onate in 1598. After that time their history was one succession
of raids upon the Spanish territories, and after the United States
Government had supplanted that of Mexico in the Southwest, the wars with
the Apache constituted some of the most sensational chapters in our
military annals. Except for some Apache in Mexico and a few Lipans with
the Tonkawa and Kiowa in Oklahoma, these people were finally gathered into
reservations in New Mexico and Arizona.
Population. Mooney (1928)
estimated that all of the Apache proper numbered 5;000 in 1680. The census
of 1910 gives 6,119 Apache of all kinds, excluding only the Kiowa Apache,
and the Report of the United States Indian Office for 1923 enumerates
6,630. If an increase has actually occurred, it is to be attributed to the
captives taken by these people from all the surrounding tribes and from
the Mexicans. The census of 1930 returned 6,537 but this includes the
Jicarilla and Lipan. The Apache proper would number about 6,000. However,
the Indian Office Report for 1937 gives 6,916 exclusive of the Jicarilla.
Connection in which they have
become noted. Apache is one of the best-known Indian tribal names.
This is due
(1) to the warlike character of the people bearing it,
(2) to their constant depredations along the Spanish and American
frontiers, and
(3) to the severe and difficult fighting made necessary before they were
forced to give up their ancient raiding proclivities. The word has,
therefore, been taken over to some extent into literature when it is
desired to describe fierce and ruthless individuals, and in this sense it
has been given local application to some of the criminal elements of
Paris. The name Apache is given to villages in Cochise County, Ariz., and
Caddo County, Okla., and Apache Creek is a place in Catron County, N. Mex.
Comanche.
In the Spanish period, the Comanche raided into and across the territory
of New Mexico repeatedly. (See Texas.)
Jemez. Corrupted from Ha'-mish
or Hae'-mish, the Keresan name of the pueblo. Also spelled Amayes, Ameias,
Amejes, Emeges, Gemes, etc. Also called:
Maí-dĕc-kǐž-ne,
Navaho name, meaning "wolf neck."
Tu'-wa, own name of pueblo.
Uala-to-hua or Walatoa, own name of pueblo, meaning "village of the
bear."
Wöng'-ge, Santa Clara and
Ildefonso name, meaning "Navaho place."
Connections. With the now
extinct Pecos, the Jemez constituted a distinct group of the Tanoan
linguistic family now a part of the Kiowa-Tanoan stock.
Location. On the north
bank of Jemez River, about 20 miles north-
west of Bernalillo.
Villages
The following names of villages have been recorded as
formerly occupied by the Jemez but the list may contain some duplication:
Amushungkwa, on a mesa west of the Hot Springs,
about 12 miles north of Jemez
pueblo.
Anyukwinu, north of Jemez pueblo.
Astialakwa, on the summit of a mesa that separates San Diego and
Guadalupe
Canyons at their mouths.
Bulitzequa, exact site unknown.
Catróo, site not identified.
Ceca, not identified.
Guatitruti, not identified.
Guayoguia, not identified.
Gyusiwa, one-half mile north of Jemez Hot Springs, on a slope
descending to the
river from the east in Sandoval County.
Hanakwa, not identified.
Kiashita, in Guadalupe Canyon, north of Jemez pueblo.
Kiatsukwa, not identified. Mecastria, not identified.
Nokyuntseleta, not identified. Nonyishagi, not identified.
Ostyalakwa, not identified.
Patoqua, on a ledge of the mesa which separates Guadalupe and San
Diego
Canyons, 6 miles north of Jemez pueblo.
Pebulikwa, not identified.
Pekwiligii, not identified.
Potre, not identified.
Seshukwa, not identified.
Setokwa, about 2 miles south of Jemez pueblo.
Towakwa, not identified.
Trea, not identified.
Tyajuindena, not identified.
Uahatzae, not identified.
Wabakwa, on a mesa north of Jemez pueblo.
Yjar, not identified.
Zolatungzezhii, not identified.
History. The Jemez came
from the north, according to tradition, settling in the valleys of the
upper tributaries of the Jemez River and at last in the sandy valley of
the Jemez proper. Castaiieda, the chronicler of Coronado's expedition,
mentions seven towns be-longing to the Jemez tribe besides three in the
region of Jemez Hot Springs. After they had been missionized they were
induced to abandon their towns by degrees until about 1622 they became
concentrated into the pueblos of Gyusiwa and probably Astialakwa. Both
pueblos contained chapels, probably dating from 1618, but before the
Pueblo revolt of 1680 Astialakwa was abandoned and another pueblo,
probably Patoqua, established. About the middle of the seventeenth
century, in conjunction with the Navaho, the Jemez twice plotted
insurrection against the Spaniards. After the insurrection of 1680 the
Jemez were attacked by Spanish forces led successively by Otermin, Cruzate,
and Vargas, the last of whom stormed the mesa in July 1694, killed 84
Indians, and after destroying Patoqua and two other pueblos, returned to
Santa Fé with 361 prisoners and a
large quantity of stores. Gyusiwa was the only Jemez pueblo reoccupied,
but in 1696 there was a second revolt and the Jemez finally fled to the
Navaho country, where they remained for a considerable time before
returning to their former home. Then they built their present village,
called by them Walatoa, "Village of the Bear." In 1728, 108 of the
inhabitants died of pestilence. In 1782 Jemez was made a visita of the
mission of Sia. In 1838 they were joined by the remnant of their
relatives, the Pecos Indians from the upper Rio Pecos. Their subsequent
history has been uneventful.
Population. Mooney (1928)
estimates the Jemez population at 2,500 in 1680. In 1890 it was 428; in
1904, 498, including the remnant of Pecos Indians; in 1910, 499. In 1930
the entire Tanoan stock numbered 3,412. In 1937 the Jemez Indians numbered
648.
Jicarilla.
An Apache tribe which ranged over the northeastern corner of New Mexico.
(See Colorado.)
Kiowa. The Kiowa raided into and across New Mexico in the Spanish
and early American period. (See Oklahoma.)
Kiowa
Apache. The Kiowa Apache were an Athapascan tribe incorporated into
and accompanying the Kiowa. (See Oklahoma.)
Lipan.
The Lipan were the easternmost of the Apache tribes. (See Apache and also
Texas.)
Manso. A Spanish word meaning
"mild." Also called:
Gorretas, by Zarate-Salmeron.
Lanos, by Perea (1632-33).
Connections. The Manso
belonged to the Tanoan division of the Kiowa-Tanoan linguistic stock.
Location. About Mesilla
Valley, in the vicinity of the present Las Cruces, N. Mex.
The mission of Nuestra Señora
de Guadalupe de los Mansos was founded among them but none of the native
names of their villages are known.
History. Shortly before
the appearance of the Spaniards in their country, the Manso lived in
substantial houses like the Pueblo Indians generally but changed these to
dwellings of reeds and wood. They were relocated at a spot near El Paso in
1659 by Fray Garcia de San Francisco, who established the above-mentioned
mission among them. The remnant of the Manso are now associated in one
town with the Tiwa and Piro.
Population. In 1668, when
the mission of Nuestra Señora de
Guadalupe de los Mansos was dedicated, Vetancourt states that it contained
upward of 1,000 parishioners. Very few of Manso blood remain.
Pecos. From P'e'-a-ku', the
Keresan name of the pueblo. Also called:
Acuyé, Cicuyé,
probably the name of a former pueblo, Tshiquité
or Tziquité.
Aqiu, Pecos and Jemez name.
Hiokŭö'k, Isleta Tiwa name.
K'ok'-o-ro-t'tŭ'-yu, Pecos name
of pueblo.
Los Angeles, mission name.
Nuestra Señora de los Angeles de
Porciúncula, full church name.
Paego, Keresan name of Pueblo.
Paequiu or Paequivala, Keresan name of tribe.
P'a-qu-láh, Jemez name.
Péahko, Santa Ana name.
Peaktŭní,
Laguna name of Pueblo.
Tamos, from Espejo.
Connections. The Pecos
belonged to the Jemez division of the Tanoan linguistic family, itself a
part of the Kiowa-Tanoan stock. Location.—On an upper branch of Pecos
River, about 30 miles southeast of Santa Fe.
Villages
The following are names of ruined Pecos villages:
Kuuanguala, a few miles southeast of Pecos,
near Arroyo Amarillo, at the present
site of Rowe.
Pomojoua, near San Antonio del Pueblo, 3 miles southeast of San
Miguel, San
Miguel County.
San Jose, modern Spanish name of locality.
Seyupa, a few miles southeast of Pecos, at the site of the village
of Fulton, San Miguel County.
Tonchuun, 5 miles southeast of Pecos Pueblo.
History. According to
tradition, the Pecos came originally from some place to the north of their
historic seats, but their last migration was from the southeast where they
occupied successively the now ruined pueblos at San Jose and Kingman
before locating at their final settlement. Pecos was first visited by
Coronado in 1540 and afterward by Espejo in 1583, Castano de Sosa in
1590–91, and Onate in 1598. During the governorship of Oñate,
missionaries were assigned to Pecos, and the great church, so long a
landmark of the Santa F6 Trail, was erected about 1617. The town suffered
severely from attacks of the Apache of the Plains and afterward from the
Comanche. In the Pueblo revolts of 1680–96 it took an active part and
suffered proportionately. In 1782 the Pecos mission was abandoned, the
place becoming a visita of Santa Fe. A few years later nearly every man in
the Pecos tribe is said to have been killed in a raid by the Comanche,
epidemics decreased the numbers of the remainder, and in 1838 the old town
of Pecos was abandoned. The
17 surviving Pecos Indians moved to Jemez, where their descendants still
live.
Population. At the time
of Coronado's visit in 1540 the population was estimated as 2,000–2,500.
In 1630 and 1680 there were 2,000 Pecos; in 1760, 599 (including Galisteo);
in 1790–93, 152; in 1805, 104; in 1838, 17; in 1910, 10.
Connection in which they have
become noted. The name Pecos seems assured of permanent preservation
as applied to Pecos River, Tex., the largest branch of the Rio Grande, as
well as to Pecos County, Tex., and its principal town, and also to a place
in San Miguel County, New Mex., adjacent to the ruins of the aboriginal
village. The latter are well known as a result of the archeological work
done there by Dr. A. V. Kidder for the Department of Archeology, Phillips
Academy, Andover, Mass.
Piro Pueblos.
Significance of Piro unknown. Also called:
Norteflos, "northerners" in Spanish, because inhabiting the region
of El Paso del Norte (may also refer to Tiwa).
Tiikahun, Islets Tiwa name for all pueblos below their village,
meaning "southern pueblos."
Connections. They were a
division of the Tanoan linguistic family, which in turn is a part of the
Kiowa-Tanoan stock.
Location and major
subdivisions. In the early part of the seventeenth century the Piro
comprised two divisions, one inhabiting the Rio Grande Valley from the
present town of San Marcial, Socorro County, northward to within about 50
miles of Albuquerque, where the Tiwa settlements began; and the other,
sometimes called Tompiros and Salineros, occupying an area east of the Rio
Grande in the vicinity of the salt lagoons, or salinas, where they
adjoined the eastern group of Tiwa settlements on the south.
Towns
Abo, on the Arroyo del Empedradillo, about 25 miles
east of the Rio Grande and
20 miles south of Manzano, in Valencia County.
Agua Nueva, on the Rio Grande between
Socorro and Servilleta.
Alamillo, on the Rio Grande about 12 miles north of Socorro.
Barrancas, on the Rio Grande near Socorro.
Qualacu, on the east bank of the Rio Grande near the foot of the
Black Mesa, on
or near the site of San Marcial.
San Felipe, on the Rio Grande, probably
near the present San Marcial, Socorro
County.
San Pascual, on the east bank of the
Rio Grande, opposite the present San
Antonio village, Socorro County.
Senecu, on the west bank of the Rio
Grande, at the site of the present village of
San Antonio, 13 miles below Socorro.
Senecu del Sur (also Tiwa), on the
southeast bank of the Rio Grande, a few miles
below El Paso, in Chihuahua, Mexico.
Sevilleta, on the east bank of the Rio
Grande about 20 miles above Socorro.
Socorro or Pilabo, on the site of the present Socorro.
Socorro del Sur, on both sides of the Rio Grande a few miles below
El Paso, Tex.
Tabira, at the southern apex of the Mesa de los Jumanos, northeast
of the present
Socorro.
Tenabo, probably at the Siete Arroyos,
northeast of Socorro and east of the Rio
Grande.
Teypana, nearly opposite the present
town of Socorro, on the east bank of the
Rio Grande, in Socorro Couuty.
Tenaquel (?).
Following are names of deserted pueblos near the lower
Rio Grande which were
also in all probability occupied by the Piro:
Amo
Aponitre.
Aquicabo.
Atepua.
Ayqui.
Calciati.
Canocan.
Cantensapue.
Cunquilipinoy.
Encaquiagualcaca.
Huertas, 4 miles below Peixol6e.
Pencoana.
Penjeacd.
Pesquis.
Peytre.
Polooca.
Preguey.
Pueblo Blanco, on the west rim of the
Medano, or great sand-flow, east of
the Rio Grande.
Pueblo Colorado, same location as
Pueblo Blanco.
Pueblo de la Parida, same location as
Pueblos Blanco and Colorado.
Pueblo del Alto, on the east side of the
Rio Grande, 6 miles south of Belen. Queelquelu.
Quialpo.
Quiapo.
Quiomaquf.
Quiubaco.
Tecahanqualahamo.
Teeytraan.
TercAo.
Texa.
Teyaxa.
Tohol.
Trelagf.
Trelaquepu.
Treye y.
Treypual.
Trula.
Tuzahe.
Vumahein
Yancomo.
Zumaque.
The following deserted pueblos were inhabited either by
the Piro or the Tiwa:
Mejia, 5 leagues below Isleta.
Quanquiz.
Salineta, 4 leagues from Guadelupe Mission at El Paso, Tex.
San Bautista, on the Rio Grande, 16 miles below Sevilleta.
San Francisco, on the lower Rio Grande between El Paso, Tex., and
San Lorenzo.
Xatoe.
Xiamela (?).
Yonalus.
All the above pueblos not
definitely located were probably situated in the Salinas in the vicinity
of Abe.
History. The western or Rio Grande branch
of the Piro was visited by members of Coronado's Expedition in 1540, by
Chamuscado in 1580, by Espejo in 1583, by Onate in 1598, and by Benavides
in 1621-30. The establishment of missionaries among them began in 1626,
and the efforts of the monks combined with the threats of Apache raids to
induce the Indians to concentrate into a smaller number of towns. The
first actual mission work among the Piros of the Salinas began in 1629 and
was prosecuted rapidly, but before the Pueblo rebellion of 1680 Apache
raids had become so numerous that all of the villages of the Salinas
region and Senecu on the Rio Grande were abandoned. The Piro were not
invited to take part in the great rebellion and when Governor Otermin
retreated to El Paso nearly all of them joined him, while the few who
remained subse quently scattered. Those who accompanied the governor were
settled at Senecu del Sur and Socorro del Sur, where their descendants
became largely Mexicanized.
Population. The Piro
population was estimated at 9,000 early in the sixteenth century, but is
now about 60. (See Tewa.)
Pueblo Indians. A general name for
those Indians in the Southwest who dwelt in stone buildings as opposed to
the tribes living in more fragile shelters, pueblo being the word for
"town" or "village" in Spanish. It is not a tribal or even a stock name,
since the Pueblos belonged to four distinct stocks. Following is the
classification of Pueblos made by F. W. Hodge (1910) except that the Kiowa
have since been connected with the Tanoans and a few minor changes have
been introduced:
Kiowa-Tanoan linguistic stock:
Tewa Group:
Northern Division: Nambe, Tesuque, San Ildefonso,
San Juan, Santa
Clara, Pojoaque (recently extinct), Hano.
Southern Division: Tano (practically extinct).
Tiwa Group: Isleta, Isleta del Sur
(Mexicanized), Sandia, Taos, Picuris.
Jemez Group: Jemez, Pecos (extinct).
Piro Group: Senecu, Senecu del Sur (Mexicanized).
Keresan linguistic stock:
Eastern Group: San Felipe, Santa Ana, Sia, Cochiti,
Santo Domingo.
Western Group: Acoma, Laguna, and outlying villages.
Zufiian linguistic stock:
Zuni Group: Zuni and its outlying villages.
Shoshonean linguistic stock, part of the
Uto-Aztecan stock:
The Pueblo Indians in New Mexico
are being considered at length under the following heads: Jemez, Keresan
Pueblos, Piro Pueblos, Tewa Pueblos, Tiwa Pueblos, and Zuni; the Hopi are
considered under Arizona. (See also Colorado, Nevada, and Texas.)
Connection in which they have
become noted. The Pueblo Indians have become famous from the fact
that, unlike all of their neighbors, they lived in communal stone houses
and in stone dwellings perched along the canyon walls; from their peculiar
customs and ceremonies, such as the Snake Dance; and from their real and
supposed connection with the builders of the stone ruins with which their
country and neighboring parts of the Southwest abound. In recent years
they have been subjects of interest to artists and writers and an attempt
has been made to base a style of architecture upon the type of their
dwellings. They are of historic interest as occupants of one of the two
sections of the United States first colonized by Europeans.
Shuman. The Shuman lived at
various times in or near the southern and eastern borders of New Mexico.
(See Texas.)
Tiwa Pueblos. The name
Tiwa is from Ti'wan, pl. Tiwesh', their own name. Also spelled Tebas,
Tigua, Tiguex, Tihuas, Chiguas. Also called:
E-nagh-magh, a name given by Lane (in Schoolcraft, 1851—57) to the
language of "Taos, Picuris, Tesuqua, Sandia," etc.
Connections. The Tiwa
Pueblos are a division of the Tanoan linguistic family, itself a part of
the Kiowa-Tanoan stock.
Location and Subdivisions.
The Tiwa Pueblos formed three geographic divisions, one occupying Taos and
Picuris (the most northerly of the New Mexican Pueblos), on the upper
waters of the Rio Grande; another inhabiting Sandia and Isleta, north and
south of Albuquerque respectively; and the third living in the pueblos of
Isleta del Sur and Senecu del Sur, near El Paso, Tex., in Texas and
Chihuahua, Mexico, respectively.
Towns and Villages
(As far as known)
Alameda, on the east side of the Rio Grande about 10
miles above Albuquerque. Bejuituuy, near the southern limit of the
Tiwa habitat on the Rio Grande, at the
present Los Lunas.
Carfaray, supposed to have been east of
the Rio Grande beyond the saline lakes. Chilili, on the west side of
the Arroyo de Chihli, about 30 miles southeast of
Albuquerque.
Islets, on the west bank of the Rio
Grande about 12 miles south of Albuquerque. Islets del Sur, on the
northeast side of the Rio Grande, a short distance below El
Paso, Tex.
Kuaua, north of the present bridge
across the Rio Grande above Bernalillo.
Lentes, on the west bank of the Rio Grande near Los Lunas.
Manzano, near the present village so called, 6 miles northwest of
Quarai and about
25 miles east of the Rio Grande.
Mojualuna, in the mountains above the
present Taos Pueblo.
Nabatutuei, location unknown.
Nachurituei, location unknown.
Pahquetooai, location unknown.
Picuris, inhabited, about 40 miles north of Santa Fe.
Puaray, on a gravelly bluff overlooking the Rio Grande in front of
the southern
portion of the town of Bernalillo.
Puretuay, on the summit of the round
mesa of Shiemtuai, or Mesa de las Padillas,
3 miles north of Islets.
Quarai, about 30 miles straight east of
the Rio Grande, in the eastern part of
Valencia County.
San Antonio, east of the present
settlement of the same name, about the center of
the Sierra de Gallego, or Sierra de Carnue, between
San Pedro and Chilili, east of the Rio Grande.
Sandia, inhabited, on the east bank of
the Rio Grande, 12 miles north of
Albuquerque.
Santiago, probably about 12½
miles above Bernalillo, on the Mesa del Cangelon.
Senecu del Sur, including Piro Indians,
on the southeastern bank of the Rio
Grande, a few miles below El Paso, in Chihuahua,
Mexico.
Shumnac, east of the Rio Grande in the
vicinity of the present Mexican settlements
of Chilili, Tajique, and Manzano.
Tajique, about 30 miles northeast of
Belen, close to the present settlement of the
same name, on the southern bank of the Arroyo de
Tajique.
Taos, inhabited, on both sides of Taos
River, an eastern tributary of the Rio
Grande, in Taos County.
The following pueblos now extinct were probably also
Tiwa:
Locations known:
Ranchos, about 3 miles from Taos Pueblo.
Shinana, on the Rio Grande near Albuquerque.
Tanques, also on the Rio Grande near Albuquerque.
Torreon, at the modern town of the same name, about 28 miles east of
Belen.
History. The first two
Tiwa divisions above mentioned occupied the same positions when Coronado
encountered the Tiwa in 1540-42. Relations between his followers and the
Indians soon became hostile and resulted in the capture of two pueblos by
his army. In 1581 three missionaries were sent to the Tiwa under an escort
but all were killed as soon as the escort was withdrawn. In 1583 Espejo
approached Puaray, which Coronado had attacked, but the Indians fled.
Castano de Sosa visited the Tiwa in 1591 and Onate in 1598. Missionary
work was begun among them early in the seventeenth century, and the
Indians were withdrawn progressively until only four pueblos were occupied
by them at the time of the great rebellion of 1680, in which they took
part. In 1681 Governor Otermin stormed Isleta and captured 500 Indians
most of whom he settled near El Paso. Part of the Isleta fled to the Hopi
country and remained there until 1709 or 1718, when the people of Isleta
returned and reestablished their town. The Sandia Indians, however,
remained away until 1742, when they were brought back by some missionaries
and settled in a new pueblo near their former one. Since then there have
been few" disturbances of importance, but the population until very lately
slowly declined.
Population. In 1680 there
were said to be 12,200 Tiwa; in 1760, 1,428 were reported; in 1790-93,
1,486; in 1805, 1,491; in 1850, 1,575; in 1860, 1,163; in 1871, 1,478; in
1901-5, 1,613; in 1910, 1,650; in 1937, 2,122. (See Tewa Pueblos.)
Ute. The Ute were close to the
northern border of New Mexico, extending across it at times and frequently
raiding the tribes of the region and the later white settlements. (See
Utah.)
