While we know our northern friends may not feel it, in the South, Spring is
here. So we thought we'd share a few of our gardening sites appropriate
for this time of the year. Along with gardening, there's grilling, and getting
ready to diet so that you can fit back into that bathing suit this summer!
Arapaho. The Arapaho ranged at one time over much of the western part of
this State. (See Wyoming.)
Cherokee. By the terms of the Treaty of New Echota, the Cherokee obtained
title to lands in southeastern Kansas, part in one block known as the
"Neutral land," and the rest in a strip along the southern boundary of the
State. These were re-ceded to the United States Government in 1866. (See
Tennessee.)
Cheyenne. Like the Arapaho they at one time ranged over the western part
of the State. (See South Dakota.)
Chippewa. In 1836 two bands of Chippewa living in Michigan and known as
the Swan Creek and Black River bands were given a tract of territory on
Osage River, Kans. They arrived in 1839. In 1866 they agreed to remove to
the Cherokee country in what is now Oklahoma and to unite with that tribe.
A small number of families of Chippewa living west of Lake Michigan
accompanied the Prairie Potawatomi to southwestern Iowa, but they were
either absorbed by the Potawatomi or subsequently separated from them.
(See Minnesota.)
Comanche. They ranged over the western part of the State. (See
Texas.)
Delaware. A strip of land in northeastern Kansas was granted to the
Delaware in 1829 and was again surrendered by treaties made in 1854, 1860,
and 1886. In 1867 they agreed to take up their residence with the Cherokee
in Oklahoma. Four sections of land were, however, confirmed to a body of
Munsee ("Christian Indians"), who in turn sold it in 1857. This sale was
confirmed by the United States Government in 1858, and a new home was
found for these Indians among the Swan Creek and Black River Chippewa whom
they accompanied to the Cherokee Nation in Oklahoma in 1866. Nevertheless,
a few Munsee have remained in the State. (See
New Jersey.)
Foxes. The Foxes lived for a time on a reservation in eastern Kansas but
about 1859 returned to Iowa. (See Wisconsin.)
Illinois. The remnants of these people were assigned a reservation
about the present Paola in 1832. In 1867 they removed to the
northeastern corner of the present Oklahoma, where they received
lands which had formerly belonged to the Quapaw. (See Illinois.) Iowa.
This tribe was placed on a reservation in northeastern Kansas
in 1836, and part of them continued in this State and were allotted
land here in severalty, while the rest went to Oklahoma. (See
Iowa.)
Iroquois. Lands were set aside in Kansas in 1838 for some Iroquois, part
of the Munsee, and remnants of Mahican and southern New England Indians
but only a few of the Indians involved moved to them. They were later
declared forfeited, and the rights of 32 bona fide Indian settlers were
purchased in 1873. (See Seneca and also New York,
Massachusetts,
Rhode
Island, and Connecticut.)
Jicarilla. This was one of the so-called Apache tribes. They lived in
Colorado and New Mexico and ranged over parts of Texas, Oklahoma, and
Kansas. (See Colorado.)
Kansa. Name derived from that of one of the major subdivisions; a
shortened form Kaw is about equally current. Also called:
Alähó, Kiowa name.
Guaes, in Coronado narratives, thought to be this tribe.
Hútañga, own
name.
Móhtawas, Comanche name, meaning "without a lock of hair on the forehead."
Ũkase, Fox name.
Connections. The Kansa belonged to the Siouan linguistic stock and
constituted, with the Osage, Quapaw, Omaha, and Ponca a distinct subgroup
called by Dr. J. O. Dorsey (1897) Dhegiha.
Location. They were usually on some part of the Kansas River, which
derives its name from them. (See also Nebraska and
Oklahoma.)
Villages
Bahekbube, near a mountain south of Kansas River, Kans.
Cheghulin, 2 villages;
(1) on the south side of Kansas River, and
(2) on a
tributary
of Kansas River, on the north side east of Blue River.
Djestyedje, on Kansas River near Lawrence.
Gakhulin, location uncertain.
Gakhulinulinbe, near the head of a southern tributary of Kansas River.
Igamansabe, on Big Blue River.
Inchi, on Kansas River.
Ishtakhechiduba, on Kansas River.
Manhazitanman,
on Kansas River near Lawrence. Manhazulin, on Kansas River. Manhazulintanman, on Kansas River.
Manyinkatuhuudje, at the mouth of Big
Blue River.
Neblazhetama, on the west bank of the Mississippi River a few miles above
the
mouth of Missouri River, in the present Missouri.
Niudje, on Kansas River, about 4 miles above the site of Kansas City, Mo.
Padjegadjin, on Kansas River.
Pasulin, on Kansas River.
Tanmangile, on Big Blue River.
Waheheyingetseyabe, location uncertain.
Wazhazhepa, location uncertain.
Yuzhemakancheubukhpaye, location uncertain.
Zandjezhinga,
location uncertain.
Zandzhulin, at Kaw Agency, Indian Territory, in 1882.
Zhanichi, on Kansas River.
History. According to tradition, the Kansa and the others of the same
group originated on Ohio River, the Kansa separating from the main body at
the mouth of Kansas River. If the Guaes of Coronado were the Kansa, the
tribe was first heard of by white men in 1541. During at least a part of
the eighteenth century, they were on Missouri River above the mouth of the
Kansas, but Lewis and Clark met them on the latter stream. They occupied
several villages in succession along Kansas River until they settled at
Council Grove, on Neosho River, in the present Morris County, where a
reservation was set aside for them by the United States Government in
1846, when they ceded the rest of their lands. They remained on this
reservation until 1873 when it was sold and another reserve purchased for
them in Oklahoma next to the Osages. Their lands have now been allotted to
them in severalty.
Population. Mooney (1928) estimates a Kansa population of 3,000 in 1780.
In 1702 Iberville estimated 1,500 families. Lewis and Clark (1804) give
300 men. In 1815 there were supposed to be about 1,500 in all, and in
1822, 1,850. In 1829 Porter estimated 1,200, but the population as given
by the United States Indian Office for 1843 was 1,588. After this time,
however, the tribe lost heavily through epidemics and in 1905 was returned
at only 209. The census of 1910 gave 238, but the United States Indian
Office Report of 1923 gave 420. The census of 1930 returned 318. In 1937
the number was given as 515.
Connection in which they have become noted. The Kansa will be remembered
particularly from the fact that they have given their name to Kansas River
and the State of Kansas, and secondarily to Kansas City, Mo., and Kansas
City, Kans. It is also applied to places in Walker County, Ala.; Edgar
County, Ill.; Seneca County Ohio; Seneca and Delaware Counties, Okla.; and
in the form Kaw, to a village in Kay County, Okla., and a station out of
the Kansas City, Mo., P. 0. Kansasville is in Racine County, Wis.
Kickapoo. A reservation was granted this tribe in southeastern Kansas in
1832, and though it was progressively reduced in area, part of them have
continued to live there down to the present time. (See
Wisconsin.)
Kiowa. Signifying (in their own language) "principal people." Also called:
Bc'shlltchă., Kiowa Apache name.
Datlŭmpa'ta, Hidatsa name, perhaps a form of Wi'tapähä'tu below.
Gahe'wa, Wichita and Kichai name.
Ko'mpabi'ŭnta, Kiowa name, meaning "large tipi flaps."
Kwŭ'da, old name
for themselves, meaning "going out."
Manrhoat, mentioned by La Salle,
perhaps this tribe.
Na'la'ni, Navaho name, including southern plains tribes generally, but particularly the Comanche and Kiowa.
Nǐ'chihině'na, Arapaho name, meaning "river man."
Quichuan, given by La
Harpe (1831) and probably this tribe.
Te'pdă', ancient name for
themselves, meaning "coming out."
Tepki'nägo, own name, meaning "people
coming out."
Tideing Indians, Lewis and Clark (1904-5).
Vi'täpätúi, name
used by the Sutaio.
Wi'tapahatu, Dakota name, meaning "island butte people." (The Cheyenne name was similar.)
Connections. Though long considered a separate linguistic stock, the
researches of J. P. Harrington make it evident that the Kiowa were
connected with the Tanoan stock as the Kiowa-Tanoan stock and probably
with the Shoshonean stock also.
Location. The best-known historic location of these people was a plot of
territory including contiguous parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, New
Mexico, and Texas. (See also Montana,
Nebraska,
South Dakota, and
Wyoming.)
Subdivisions
The bands constituting their camp circle, beginning on the east and
passing round by the south were: Kata, Kogui, Kaigwu, Kingep, Semat (i.
e., Apache), and Kongtalyui.
History. According to tradition, the Kiowa at one time lived at the head
of Missouri River near the present Virginia City. Later they moved down
from the mountains and formed an alliance with the
Crows but were gradually
forced south by the Arapaho and
Cheyenne, while the Dakota claim to have
driven them from the Black Hills. They made peace with the Arapaho and
Cheyenne in 1840 and after
ward acted with them. When they reached the Arkansas, they found the land
south of it claimed by the Comanche. These people were at first hostile,
but after a time peace was made between the two tribes, the Kiowa passed
on toward the south, and the two ever after acted as allies. Together they
constantly raided Mexican territory, advancing as far south as Durango.
The Kiowa were among the most bitter enemies of the Americans. They were
placed on a reservation in southwestern Oklahoma in 1868 along with the
Comanche and Kiowa Apache and have now been allotted lands in severalty.
Population. Mooney (1928) estimates that there were 2,000 in 1780. In 1905
their population was 1,165; the census of 1910 gave it as 1,126, and the
United States Indian Office Report for 1923, 1,679. including the Kiowa
Apache. The census of 1930 returned 1,050, but in 1937 the United States
Office of Indian Affairs reported 2,263.
Connection in which they have become noted. The Kiowa were one of the
leading tribes on the southern Plains and were surpassed only by the
Comanche and Apache in the raids which they undertook into
Mexico. The name has become affixed to counties in Colorado and
Kansas, a creek in Colorado; and small places in Barber County, Kans.;
Pittsburg County, Okla.; and Elbert County, Colo.
Kiowa Apache. The name is derived from that of the Kiowa and from the
circumstance that they spoke a dialect related to those of the
better-known Apache tribes, though they had no other connection with them.
Also called:
Bad-hearts, by Long (1823). (See Kaskaias.)
Cancey or Kantsi, meaning "liars," applied by the Caddo to all Apache of
the Plains, but oftenest to the Lipan.
Essequeta, a name given by the Kiowa and Comanche to the
Mescalero Apache,
sometimes, but improperly, applied to this tribe.
Gáta'ka, Pawnee name.
Gǐnä's, Wichita name.
Gû'ta'k, Omaha and Ponca name.
K'á-pätop, Kiowa name, meaning "knife whetters."
Kaskaias, possibly intended for this tribe, translated "bad hearts."
Kǐsínahǐs, Kichai name.
Mûtsíănă-täníu, Cheyenne name, meaning "whetstone people."
Nadíisha-déna, own name, meaning "our people."
Pacer band of Apache, H. R. Doe. Prairie Apaches, common name.
Sádalsómte-k'íägo, Kiowa name, meaning "weasel people."
Tâ'gugála, Jemez
name for Apache tribes including Kiowa Apache.
Tagúi, an old Kiowa name.
Tágukerish, Pecos name for all Apache.
Tashǐn, Comanche name for all Apache.
Tha`ká-hinĕ'na, Arapaho name, meaning "saw-fiddle man."
Yabipais Natagé, Garc6s Diary (1776).
Connections. The Kiowa Apache belonged to the Athapascan linguistic
family, their nearest relatives being the
Jicarilla and
Lipan (Hoijer).
Location. They have been associated with the Kiowa from the earliest
traditional period. (See also Colorado,
New Mexico,
Oklahoma, and
Wyoming.)
History. The first historical mention of the Kiowa Apache is by La Salle
in 1681 or 1682, who calls then Gattacka, the term by which they are known
to the Pawnee. As intimated above, their history was in later times the
same as that of the Kiowa, and they occupied a definite place in the Kiowa
camp circle. For 2 years only, 1865-67, they were at their own request
detached from the Kiowa and adjoined to the Cheyenne and Arapaho, on
account of the unfriendly attitude of the
Kiowa toward the Whites.
Population. Mooney (1928) gives an estimate of 300 Kiowa Apache as of
1780, adopting the estimate made by Lewis and Clark in 1805. In 1891 their
population was 325, but like the associated tribes they suffered heavily
from measles in 1892 and in 1905 there were only 155 left. The census of
1910 returned 139, that of 1930, 184, and in 1937 they appear to have
increased to 340 but other Apache may be included.
Connection in which they have become noted.
The Kiowa Apache are remarkable merely as an example of a tribe
incorporated into the social organism of another tribe of entirely alien
speech and origin Miami. In 1832 the Miami subdivisions known as
Piankashaw and
Wea were
assigned lands along with the
Illinois in Eastern Kansas. In 1840 the rest
of the Miami were granted lands in the immediate neighborhood but just
south, and all but one band removed there from Indiana. In 1854 they ceded
part of this territory and in 1867 accompanied the Illinois to the present
Oklahoma. (See Indiana.)
Missouri. The remnant of this tribe accompanied the Oto when they lived in
this State. (See Missouri.)
Munsee. A band of Munsee or "Christian Indians" owned land in Kansas
between 1854 and 1859. (See Delaware in New Jersey, etc.)
Osage. The southeastern part of Kansas was claimed by the Osage and was
ceded by them to the United States Government in treaties made in 1825,
1865, and 1870. (See Missouri.)
Oto. The Oto were on the eastern border of Kansas several times during
their later history. (See Nebraska.)
Ottawa. In 1831 two bands of Ottawa were granted lands on Marais des
Cygnes or Osage River. They relinquished these in 1846 and in 1862 agreed
to allotment of land in severalty, giving up their remaining lands.
Further treaties regarding these were made in 1867 and 1872. A few
families of Ottawa accompanied the Prairie Potawatomi when they removed
from Wisconsin to Iowa, but they were soon absorbed or else scattered.
Ottawa bands called Ottawa of Blanchard's Fork and Ottawa of Roche de
Boeuf occupied lands in Kansas between 1832 and 1865 when they moved to
Oklahoma. (See Michigan.)
Pawnee. A part of the Pawnee occupied the valley of the Republican Fork of
Kansas River. (See Nebraska.)
Potawatomi. In 1837 the United States Government entered into a treaty
with five bands of Potawatomi living in the State of Indiana by which it was agreed to convey to them by patent a
tract of country on Osage River, southwest of the Missouri, in the present
State of Kansas. This was set apart the same year and the Indians, the
Potawatomi of the Woods, moved into it in 1840, but they ceded it back in
1846 and were given a reserve between the
Shawnee and the
Delaware, in the
present Shawnee County, which they occupied in 1847. By a series of
treaties, culminating in the Treaty of Chicago, 1833, the Potawatomi west
of Lake Michigan surrendered their lands and received a large tract in
southwestern Iowa. They were accompanied by a few
Chippewa and Ottawa. In
1846 this reserve was re-ceded to the United States Government and in
1847-48 the Indians, now known as the Prairie Potawatomi, moved to lands
in Kansas just east of the lands of the Potawatomi of the Woods. Michigan
Potawatomi did not come to this place until 1850. About the end of the
Civil War some of the Prairie band moved back to Wisconsin but the greater
part of them remained and accepted lands in severalty. In 1869 the
Potawatomi of the Woods began a movement to secure lands in Oklahoma, and
by 1871 most of them had gone thither. (See
Michigan.)
Quapaw. Between 1833 and 1867 lands in the southeastern tip of Kansas
belonged to their reserve in Indian Territory (Oklahoma), but in the
latter year they ceded this back to the Government. (See
Arkansas.)
Sauk. After leaving Iowa, the Sauk and
Fox Indians occupied a reserve in
the eastern part of Kansas, but about 1859 the Foxes returned to Iowa, and
in 1867 the Sauk ceded their Kansas territories and moved to Oklahoma.
(See Wisconsin.)
Seneca. Seneca Indians were joint owners with other tribes of land in the
extreme southwestern part of Kansas. They ceded this to the United States
Government in 1867. (See New York.)
Shawnee. In 1825 the Shawnee residing in Missouri received a grant of land
along the south side of Kansas River, west of the boundary of Missouri. In
1831 they were joined by another body of Shawnee who had formerly lived at Wapaghkonnetta and on Hog Creek, Ohio. In 1854 nearly all of this land was
re-ceded to the United States Government and the tribe moved to Indian
Territory, the present Oklahoma. (See Tennessee.)
Wyandot. The Wyandot purchased land in eastern Kansas on Missouri River
from the Delaware in 1843 and parted with it again in 1850. A few Wyandot
also held title to land along with other tribes on the border of Oklahoma
and re-ceded it along with them in 1867. (See Ohio.)
