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Social Organizations
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And they painted on the grave-posts On the graves
yet unforgotten, Each his own ancestral Totem, Each the symbol of
his household;
The Song of Hiawatha. |
In each tribe there existed, on the basis
of kinship a division, into clans and gentes. The names given to these
divisions were usually those of the animals, birds, reptiles, or inanimate
objects from which their members claimed descent, or which were regarded
as guardian deities common to them all; these were known as their totems.
The term "clan" implies descent in the female, and
"gens" in the male line. Clans and gentes were generally organized into
phratries; and phratries, into tribes. A phratry was an organization for
ceremonial and other festivals.
The Winnebago social organization was based on two
phratries, known as the Upper, or Air, and the Lower, or Earth, divisions.
The Upper division contained four clans:
(1) Thunderbird,
(2) War People,
(3) Eagle,
(4) Pigeon (extinct);
while the lower division contained eight clans:
(1) Bear,
(2) Wolf,
(3) Water-spirit,
(4) Deer,
(5) Elk,
(6) Buffalo,
(7) Fish,
(8) Snake.
The Thunder-bird, and Bear, clans were regarded as the
leading clans of their respective phratries. Both had definite functions.
The lodge of the former was the peace lodge, over which the chief of the
tribe presided, while the lodge of the Bear clan was the war, or
disciplinary, lodge. Each clan had a number of individual customs,
relating to birth, the naming-feast, death, and the funeral-wake. An Upper
individual must marry a Lower individual, and vice versa.
When Carver, an early traveler, first came in contact
with the Winnebagoes, their chief was a woman. The man, however, was the
head of each family. Where clans existed, a man could become a member of
any particular clan only by birth, adoption, or transfer in infancy from
his mother's to his father's clan, or vice versa. The place of woman in a
tribe was not that of a slave or beast of burden. The existence of the
gentile organization, in most tribes with descent in the female line,
forbade that she be subjected to any such indignity.
Dr. J. O. Dorsey obtained a list of the gentes of the
Hotcangara, or Winnebagoes.3 They were
(1) Shungikikarachada ('Wolf');
(2) Honchikikarachada ('Black Bear');
(3) Huwanikikarachada ('Elk');
(4) Wakanikikarachada ('Snake');
(5) Waninkikikarachada ('Bird');
(6) Cheikikarachada ('Buffalo')
(7) Chaikikarachada ('Deer');
(8) Wakchekhiikikarachada ('Water-monster').
The Bird gens was composed of four subgentes, namely:
(a) Hichakhshepara ('Eagle'),
(b) Ruchke ('Pigeon'),
(c) Kerechun ('Hawk'),
(d) Wakanchara ('Thunderbird'). It seems probable that each gens was thus
subdivided into four sub-gentes.
In 1843 they were on the Neutral Ground in different
bands, the principal one, called the School band, occupying territory
along the Turkey river.
3 The late T. Owen Dorsey of the
Bureau of American Ethnology, in Bull. 30, pg. 961.
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