While we know our northern friends may not feel it, in the South, Spring is
here. So we thought we'd share a few of our gardening sites appropriate
for this time of the year. Along with gardening, there's grilling, and getting
ready to diet so that you can fit back into that bathing suit this summer!
Shoshoni, Western. Significance of the word Shoshoni is unknown.
Connections.—The same as for the Northern Shoshoni. Location.—Central and
western Idaho, northwestern Utah, central
and northeastern Nevada, and a small territory in California north of and
about Death and Panamint Valleys.
Subdivisions.
The names of a great many local groups have been recorded, usually
signifying that they were "eaters" of certain kinds of food, but most of
these seem to have belonged to territories rather than people, the
"eaters" in each being subject to change. A few of these have, however,
acquired special interest and some measure of permanence as, for instance,
the Tukuarika, Tukuaduka, or Sheep Eaters, extending from the Yellowstone
National Park to the middle course of Salmon River; the Gosiute of
northern Utah and eastern Nevada and the Panamint or Koso, the Californian
representatives of the division.
Villages
Steward (1938) gives the following villages under the several natural
areas occupied by these Indians:
Lida and vicinity:
Clayton Valley.
Kamuva, or Wipa, several miles east of Goldfield.
Montezuma.
Old Camp, on the north side of Gold Mountain.
Pauwaha' (Lida).
Tumbasai'uwi, at Stonewall Mountain.
Eastern California:
Saline Valley:
Isha'mba (Waucoba Spring).
Ko (Saline Valley).
Navadu, at the Springs in Cottonwood Canyon which runs west from Death
Valley.
Tuhu, at Goldbelt Spring.
Little Lake and Koso Mountains:
Mua'ta (Coco Hot Springs).
Pagunda (Little Lake).
Pakwa'si (at Alancha).
Uyuwu'mba, about 5 miles south of Darwin.
Panamint Valley:
No villages given.
Northern Death Valley:
Mahunu (springs in Grapevine Canyon and probably Grapevine Springs).
Ohyu,
at Surveyor's Well.
Panuga (Mesquite Springs).
Central and Southern Death Valley:
Tumbica, at the several springs at Furnace Creek.
Village (perhaps) some 15 miles south of Furnace Creek.
Beatty and Belted Mountains (camps):
Howell Ranch, near Springdale.
Hunusu, at Burn's Ranch.
Indian Camp, at the head of Oasis Valley.
Mutsi, in the vicinity of the water holes marked merely "Tanks" on the U.
S. Geol. Surv. map.
Sivahwa, a few miles north of the last. Tunava, at Whiterock Springs.
Takanawa, at Hick's Hot Springs.
Sakaifiaga, at the mouth of Beatty Wash on the Amagrosa River.
Panavadu, somewhere near the last.
Wuniakuda, 2 or 3 miles east of the Ammonia Tanks.
Wiva, at Oaksprings.
Kuikun (Captain Jack Spring).
Tupipa, at Tippipah Springs.
Pokopa, at Topopah Spring.
Pagambuhan (Cane Spring).
Ione Valley, Reese River, and Smith Creek Valley: Reese
River Valley (camps):
Wiyunutuahunupi, at the first creek south of Austin.
Angasikigada, 1 mile from the last.
Tutumbihunupi, 1½ miles from the last.
Ohaogwaihunupi, 1 mile from the last.
Bambishpahunupi, about 2 miles from
last.
Songwatumbihun, about 1½ miles from the last.
Gunuvijep, about 1½
miles from the last.
Biahunupi, at Big Creek, west of Kingston.
Mezaguahunupi, 2 miles from the last.
Onpihunupi, 2 miles from the last.
Tudupihunupi, 1½ miles from the last.
Yudigivoihunupi, 2 miles from the
last.
Aihyuhunupi, about 2 miles from the last.
Navahodava, 3 miles from
the last.
Guvadakuahunupi, 2 miles from the last or about halfway between Austin
and Bell's Ranch.
Baiambasahunupi, about 1 mile from the last.
Kwinahunupi, 2 miles from the
last.
Tosakuahunupi,, 3 miles from the last.
Asunguahunupi, 1 mile from
the last.
Wakaihunupi, 1 mile from the last.
Boyuwihunupi, 3 miles from
the last.
Yumbahunupi, 3 miles from the last.
Onihunupi, about 2½ miles
from the last.
Adumbihunupi, about 2½ miles from the last.
Bukwiyohunupi, about 4 miles from the last and a little south of Bell's
Ranch
Camps given In order of location; names not alphabetized.
Reese River Valley (winter sites)
Sunungoi, about 10 miles northwest of Austin and slightly north of Mount
Airy.
Sova, a spring near the summit of Mount Airy.
Tuosava, 2 or 3 miles south of the last.
Yutomba, 1 mile from the last.
Evimba, 3 or 4 miles from the last.
Dumboi, 2 or 3 miles from the last.
Hukumba, about 2 miles from the last.
Kosiva, 3 miles from the last.
Wupayagahunupi, 3 miles from the last.
Dawishiwuhunupi, 2 miles from the last.
Kunuvidumbihunupi, about 1% miles from the last.
Pazuyohoi, 4 miles from the last.
Wangodusikihunupi, 2 miles from the last.
Ava, 2 miles from the last.
Bohoba, a spring 3 miles from the last.
Dongwishava, slightly south of Ione, west of the Bell Ranch.
There is also a camp southwest of Berlin Peak at a spring called Wanzi
awa.
Great Smoky Valley and Monitor Valley:
No villages given.
Kawich Mountains (winter camps):
Breen Creek.
Hot Creek, about 10 miles north of Tybo.
Hot Springs, to the south, had several winter encampments.
Hugwapagwa (Longstreet Canyon or Horse Canyon).
Kunugiba (Tybo Creek).
Reveille Mill.
Tuava (Rose Spring).
Little Smoky Valley and vicinity:
Little Smoky Valley:
Dzishava (Moore Station).
Indian Creek (Bagumbush?), 6—7 miles north of Kwadumba.
Kwadumba (Snowball), 8 miles north of Sapava.
Kwatsugu (Fish Creek).
Sapava (Hick's Station), 12 miles north of Morey.
Tutoya, at a spring 4 or 5 miles south of Morey, on the west side of the
valley.
Fish Springs Valley:
Butler's Place, about 20 miles north of Wongodoya.
Udulfa (Hot Creek).
Wongodoya, at a spring in the hills west of Fish Springs.
Railroad Valley (camps in north end of valley):
Akamba, or probably also Watoya, at a spring west of Mount Hamilton.
Bambasa, on the west side of Mount Hamilton.
Bauduin (Warm Spring).
Bawazivi (Currant Creek).
Biadoyava, at Blue Eagle Springs.
Nyala, native name unknown.
Suhuva (Duckwater).
Wongodupijugo, southeast of Green Spring.
Winter sites given in order of location; names not alphabetized.
Steptoe Valley:
"There were villages at Ely, on Duck Creek, about 8 miles northwest of
McGill, and at Warm Spring, Schellbourne, Egan Canyon, and Cherry Creek."
Spring, Snake, and Antelope Valleys:
Spring Valley:
Aidumba, at a spring west of Aurun.
Basamba, slightly up the hill west of Sogowosugu.
Basiamba, in vicinity of Oceola.
Basawinuba, either 3 or 4 miles northwest of Aurun.
Basawinuba (Mud Springs), about 7 miles south of Aurun.
Basonip, about 7 miles (?) south of Cleveland Ranch.
Bauumba, near Shoshone.
Biabauwundu, at Cleveland Ranch.
Haiva, about 6 miles north of Cleveland or two canyons south of
Wongovitwuninogwap.
Sogowosugu, at Aurun.
Supuva, at Anderson's Ranch.
Taiwudu, on west slope of Snake Mountains.
Toziup, on west slope of Mount Moriah.
Tuhuva, between Yellen's and Cleveland Ranches.
Tupa, about 7 miles north of Anderson's Ranch.
Wongovitwuninogwap, on Valley Creek, about 10 miles north of Cleveland
Antelope Valley:
Bohoba, at Mike Springs south of the villages in Antelope Valley. Hugapa,
at Chinn Creek.
Kwadumba, at a spring about 3 miles south of Tippetts.
Suhuva, at a spring near Kwadumba.
Toiva, at a spring at north end of valley.
Wadoya, at a spring 15 miles north of'Toiva.
Snake Valley:
Bauwunoida, at the present Baker.
Biaba, at Big Spring.
Tosakowaip, at Silver Creek.
Tunkahniva, near a cave near Lehman Cave in the canyon west of Baker.
Cave
Valley, south of Steptoe Valley:
Daint.
Gosiute Shoshoni:
A cave on the north end of the Skull Valley Mountains a short distance
from the present highway.
Ilaiyashawiyep, near present town called Iosepa.
Iowiba, in mountains just east of Skull Valley Reservation.
Ongwove, a few miles south of Orr's Ranch.
Suhudaosa, at the present Orr's Ranch (?).
Tiava, on present reservation.
Tozava, at a spring on west side of Lakeside Range.
Tutiwunupa, on west slope of the Cedar Mountains, just east of Clive.
Utcipa, south of Tdtiwunupa on west slope of Cedar Mountains.
Wanapo'ogwaipi, at Indian Springs, south of Ongwove.
Pine Creek and Diamond Valley:
Bauwiyoi, a group of at least 6 encampments at the foot of the Roberts
Mountains.
Todzagadu, on the west side of the Sulphur Spring Mountains.
Tupagadu,
west of the Alkali flat in Diamond Valley.
Ruby Valley and Vicinity:
A settlement on south side of Spruce Mountains.
A village on the east slope of the Pequop Mountains.
Baguwa, in the flats
near Overland.
Butte Valley, at north end on a canyon called Natsumbagwic.
Medicine Spring, on the west slope of the Cedar Mountains, east of
Franklin Lake.
Suhuwia, on the headwaters of Franklin River.
Toyagadzu (Clover Valley).
Waihamuta, on the creek against the hills, west of the Neff Ranch.
Wongogadu, on north side of Spruce Mountains.
Yuogumba or Sihuba (Long
Valley).
Humboldt River (districts):
A village in a valley a little south of Elko.
A village somewhere on upper Huntington Creek.
Banadia, scattered along
both sides of Lamoille Creek.
Badukoi, village about 3 miles below Carlin.
Elko, preferred site for village being at the mouth of the South Fork.
Independence Valley, in the valley of what is called Magpie or Maggie
Creek.
Kinome, 5 miles north of Huntington.
Palisade, people lived near here along Humboldt River.
Sahoogep, at Lee.
The valley of North Fork.
Toyagadzu, at Wells.
Tukwampandai, at Deeth.
Battle Mountain and Vicinity:
There was a concentration of population between Battle Mountain and Iron
Point.
Snake River (three villages between Hagerman and Bruneau):
Ototumb, near
Bliss.
Pazintumb, about 8 miles below Hagerman.
Saihunupi, about 4 miles below Hagerman.
Boise River and Vicinity:
No village names recorded.
Grouse Creek:
Kuiva, on Raft River, probably near Lynn and Yost.
O'o or Podongoe, a
little southwest of Lucin.
Paduyavavadizop (Dove (?) Creek).
Tusaid or Angapuni (Grouse Creek).
Promontory Point (Hukundu"ka):
Nagwituwep, on Blue Creek, north of the old railroad.
Nanavadzi, near
Little Mountain, east of Promontory Point.
Sudotsa, scattered along valley of Bear River from near Bear River City to
Deweyville.
Tongishavo, on the west side of Promontory Point near Mount Tarpey.
The following names, derived from various sources, may be appended:
Kaidatoiabie (with 6 subbands), in northeastern Nevada.
Nahaego, in Reese
River Valley, and about Austin, Nev.
Pagantso (with 3 subbands), in Ruby
Valley, Nev.
Sunananahogwa, on Reese River, Nev.
Temoksee, in Reese
River Valley, Nev.
Toquimas, in lower Reese River Valley, Nev.
History. The history of the Western Shoshoni was practically identical
with that of the Northern Shoshoni and Northern Paiute, except that their
territory was somewhat more remote from the paths followed by American
explorers in the north and Spaniards in the south. In 1825 Jedidiah Smith
made several journeys across Nevada and may have been preceded by Old
Greenwood. In 1847 the Mormons settled Nevada and came in contact with
some of the eastern representatives of this Shoshonean division.
Narratives of explorers generally waste few words on these Indians or the
neighboring Paiute, classing them indiscriminately as "diggers" and
dismissing them all with a few contemptuous words. They were affected
materially by the discovery of the Comstock Lode. Although it was not in
their territory, prospectors penetrated everywhere, stock was introduced
which sorely affected the food supplies of the natives, and the resulting
friction affected first the Northern Paiute and somewhat later the
Shoshoni. Steward says:
By 1865, Shoshoni of Battle Mountain and Austin were involved. Meanwhile
south of the Great Salt Lake in Utah and in eastern California, Shoshoni,
especially those known as Gosiute, were committing depredations against
immigrants, raiding the pony express and attacking the stage line which
ran through this territory. For protection, Fort Ruby in Ruby Valley
was built in 1862. An army unit massacred a large number of Shoshoni
in Steptoe Valley in 1862, but by 1865 the strife was ended. In 1869 the
railroad across the continent was completed and the native period was at
an end. Shoshoni of central Nevada and of the more remote valleys seem to
have kept pretty well out of the conflict. The treaty of 1863 included all
the Shoshoni of northern Nevada. They were given the western Shoshone or
Duck Valley Reservation in 1877 (by Executive Order of April 16), but by
no means all Shoshoni went to it. A few of the more westerly Shoshoni
joined Paiute on reservations in western Nevada, but most Shoshoni
remained near their native haunts, gradually abandoning their native
economy and attaching themselves to ranches or mining towns. (Steward,
1938, p. 7.)
The Carlin Farms Reservation northwest of Elko was set aside by Executive
Order of May 10, 1877, but restored to the public domain by Executive
Order of January 16, 1879.
Population. Mooney (1938) estimated that there were 4,500 Northern and
Western Shoshoni together in 1845. The United States Census of 1910 gave
3,840, a figure which included about 1,800 Western Shoshoni.. The United
States Indian Office Report for 1917 indicated perhaps 1,500. The census
of 1930 raised this figure into the neighborhood of 2,000, but in 1937 the
Indian Office returned only 1,201.
