While we know our northern friends may not feel it, in the South, Spring is
here. So we thought we'd share a few of our gardening sites appropriate
for this time of the year. Along with gardening, there's grilling, and getting
ready to diet so that you can fit back into that bathing suit this summer!
A complete listing of all the Indian villages,
towns and settlements as listed in Handbook of Americans North of Mexico.
Cabbasagunti. A small body of Indians dwelling in 1807
in the village of "Saint Francais," on St Francis r., Quebec, in which they were
named Cabbassaguntiac, i. e., people of Cabassaguntiquoke, signifying the place
where sturgeon abound. The form Cobbisseconteag has been re placed by the modern
Cobbosseecontee as the name of what formerly was Winthrop pond and outlet which
flows into Kennebec r. , in Kennebec co. , Me. These Indians, it is reported by
Kendall, regarded themselves not only as inhabitants of Cabbassaguntiquoke, but
also as true cabnssas, or sturgeons, because one of their ancestors,
having declared that he was a sturgeon, leaped into this stream and never
returned in human form. They related a tale that below the falls of
Cobbosseecontee r. the rock was hewn by the ax of a mighty manito. (J. N. - B.
H. )
Cahiague. A Huron village in Ontario, where the Jesuits
had the mission of St John the Baptist in 1640.
Canoe Creek. A
Shuswap village and band near upper Fraser r., Brit, Col., about 300 m. from
its mouth; pop. 157 in 1902. Can. Ind. Aff., 271, 1902.
Canoe Lake Indians. The local name for a body of Shuswap of
Kamloops-Okanagan agency, Brit. Col.; pop. 129 in 1902,including the
Chuckchuqualk, q,v. Can. Ind. Aff. for 1879, 309.
Cape Breton. One of the seven districts of the country
of the Micmac, on Cape Breton id., N. of Nova Scotia. The chief of this district
was the head chief of the tribe (Rand, First Micmac Reading Book, 1875).
The name occurs in a list of 1760 as the location of a Micmac village or band.
(J. M.)
Cape Magdalen. An
Algonkin mission established on the St Lawrence in 1670, 3 leagues below
Three Rivers, Quebec, by Indians who removed from the latter place on account of
smallpox. It was abandoned before 1760. Jefferys, Fr. Dom. Am., pt. i, 10,
110, 1761.
Cape Sable Indians. A name applied by early New England
writers to those Micmac living near C. Sable, in s. Nova Scotia. The term is
used by Hubbard as early as 1680. They were especially active in the wars on the
New England settlements. (J. M.)
Carhagouha (in the forest. Hewitt). A Huron village in
Tiny tp., about 2 m. N. w. of La Fontaine, Ontario, about 1640.
Carmanah. A Nitinat village near Bonilla pt., s. w.
coast of Vancouver id.; pop. 46 in 1902. Can. Ind. Aff., 264, 1902.
Caughnawaga An
Iroquois settlement on the Sault St Louis on St Lawrence r., Quebec. When
the hostility of the pagan Iroquois to the missions established in their
territory frustrated the object of the French to attach the former to their
interests, the Jesuits determined to draw their converts from the confederacy
and to establish them in a new mission village near the French settlements on
the St Lawrence, in accordance with which plan these Indians were finally
induced to settle at La Prairie, near Montreal, in 1668. These converts were
usually called "French Praying Indians" or "French Mohawks" by the English
settlers, in contradistinction to the Iroquois who adhered to their own customs
and to the English interests. In 1676 they were removed from this place to Sault
St Louis, where Caughnawaga and the Jesuit mission of St Francois du Sault were
founded. The village has been removed several times within a limited area. The
majority of the emigrants came from the Oneida and Mohawk, and the Mohawk
tongue, somewhat modified, became the speech of the whole body of this village.
The Iroquois made several unsuccessful efforts to induce the converts to return
to the confederacy, and finally renounced them in 1684, from which time
Caughnawaga became an important auxiliary of the French in their wars with the
English and the Iroquois. After the peace of Paris, in 1763, many of them left
their village on the Sault St Louis and took up their residence in the valley of
Ohio r., principally about Sandusky and Scioto rs., where they numbered 200 at
the outbreak of the American Revolution. From their contact with the wilder
tribes of that region many of them relapsed into paganism, although they still
retained their French allegiance and maintained connection with their brethren
on the St Lawrence. About 1755 a colony from Caughnawaga formed a new settlement
at St Regis, some distance farther up the St Lawrence. As the fur traders pushed
their way westward from the great lakes they were accompanied by Caughnawaga
hunters. As early as 1820 a considerable number of this tribe was incorporated
with the Salish, while others found their way about the same period down to the
mouth of Columbia r. in Oregon, and N. even as far as Peace r. in Athabasca. In
the W. they are commonly known as Iroquois. Some of the Indians from St Regis
also undertook these distant wanderings. In 1884 Caughnawaga had a population of
1,485, while St Regis (in Canada and New York) had about 2,075, and there were
besides a considerable number from the 2 towns who were scattered throughout the
W. In 1902 there were 2,017 on the Caughnawaga res. and 1,386 at St Regis,
besides 1,208 on the St Regis reserve, N. Y. (J. N. B. H. )
Cayoosh Creek. A local name for two bodies of Upper
Lillooet Indians of
Salishan stock near the junction of Bridge and Fraser rs., Brit. Col.
Population of one of the bodies in 1902, 34; of the other, also called
Pashilqua, 15. Can. Ind. Aff. for 1901, pt. ii, 72.
Cexeninuth. A tribe or division about Queen Charlotte
sd., Brit. Col.; possibly a Gyeksem gens of the Kwakiutl.
Cbaabl ( Tc!ā′fal}. A
former Haida town on the N. w. coast of Moresby id., Queen Charlotte ids., Brit.
Col. This seems to have been the Kow-welth of John Work, who assigned to it 35
houses with 561 inhabitants in 1836-41. Old people re call the names of 28
houses, but many more are said to have existed before a great fire which
destroyed a large part of the town. In later times the people moved to New Gold
Harbor, on the E. end of Maude id., and thence into Skidegate. Swanton, Cont.
Haida, 280, 1905.
Chaahl (T!ā′ał).
A former Haida town on the E. coast of North id., Queen Charlotte ids., Brit.
Col. It was occupied by a family of the same name who afterward moved to Alaska
and settled at Howkan. Swanton, Cont. Haida, 281, 1905.
Chahtlmlelpil. A body of
Salish of the old Victoria superintendency, Brit. Col.; pop. 104 in 1881.
Can. Ind. Aff., 258, 1882.
Chaicclesaht A Nootka tribe on Ououkinsh and
Nasparte inlets, w. coast of Vancouver id., numbering 105 in 1902. Acous is
their principal town.
Chakkai. A Squawmish village com munity on the E. side
of Howe sd., Brit. Col.
Chalkunts. A Squawmish village com munity on Gambier
id., Brit. Col.
Chants. A Squawmish village community on Burrard inlet,
Brit. Col.
Chatelech (outside water) . The present town of the
Seechelt Indians on Trail bay, at the neck of Seechelt penin., Brit. Col. As a
permanent settlement it dates only from Bishop Durien's time (ca. 1890), not
having been occupied before for fear of the Lekwiltok.
Chebontes. A tribe mentioned in 1853 (Wessells in H. R. Ex. Doc.
76, 34th Cong., 3d sess., 32, 1857) as living s. E. of Tulare lake, Gal.
Supposed from the location and association to be Mariposan, though possibly
Shoshonean.
Chechelmen. A Squawmish village community on Burrard
inlet, Brit. Col.
Chechilkok. A Squawmish village community at Seymour cr.,
Burrard inlet, Brit. Col.; pop. 44 in 1902.
Cheewack. A body of Salish under Williams Lake agency,
Brit. Col.; pop. 9 in 1891, when the name last appears.
Chekoalch. A Squawmish village community on Burrard
inlet, Brit. Col.
Chemanis. A Cowichan settlement on the E. coast of
Vancouver id. , presumably on the bay of the same name.
Chentsithala. A Naskotin village on Fraser r., Brit.
Col., at the mouth of Quesnelle r.
Cheshish. The principal village of the Muchalat,
situated back of Bligh id., Nootka sd., Vancouver id. Can. Ind. Aff., 264,
1902.
Chetawe. A village of the Ntlakyapamuk, on the E. side
of Eraser r., about 16½ m. above Yale, Brit.
Col. Pop. 16 in 1897, the last time it was separately enumerated.
Chets (Tcēts). A
Haida town, formerly occupied by the Chets-gitunai and Djushade, on an island at
the mouth of Tsooskahli, Masset inlet, Brit. Col. Swanton, Cont. Haida, 281,
1905.
Chetsgitunai (Tcēts-gítAnā′-i,
'Gituns of Chets id.'). A Haida family of the Eagle clan, so named from an
island in the upper expansion of Masset inlet, Brit. Col., at the mouth of
Tsooskahli, where they once lived. Afterward they moved to the mouth of Masset
inlet. They formed one group with the Widjagitunai, Tohlka-gitunai, and
Djushade. Swanton, Cont. Haida, 275, 1905.
Cheuek. A village of the Ntlakyapamuk on Eraser r. ,
above Lytton, Brit. Col.
Chewas. A Squawmish village on the w. side of Howe sd.,
Brit. Col.
Chiakamish. A Squawmish village com munity on a creek
of the same name, a tributary of Squawmisht r., Brit. Col.
Chiaktel. A Chilliwack village in s. Brit. Col.; pop.
43 in 1904.
Chichilek. A Squawmish village community on Burrard
inlet, Brit. Col.
Chicoutimi. The name of a locality, the end of- smooth
navigation of Saguenay r., Quebec, by which the Lake St John band of Montagnais
was sometimes referred to (Jes. Rel. 1661, 13, 1858). The French formerly had a
mission of the same name on the right bank of the Saguenay. In 1898 the
Montagnais of L. St John numbered 404 and resided on a reservation at Pointe
Bleue.
Chignecto (from sigunikt, foot cloth) A Micmac village
in Nova Scotia in 1760. Frye (1760) in Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1st s., x,
115, 1809.
Chikauach. A Songish band at McNeill bay, s. end of
Vancouver id., Brit. Col.
Chilliwack. A Salish tribe on a river of the same name
in British Columbia, now speaking the Cowichan dialect, though anciently Nooksak
according to Boas. Pop. 313 in 1902. Their villages, mainly on the authority of
Hill-Tout, are Atselits, Chiaktel, Kokaia, Shlalki, Skaialo, Skaukel, Skway,
Skwealets, Stlep, Thaltelich, Tsoowahlie, and Yukweakwioose. The Can. Ind. Aff.
Reports give Koquapilt and Skwah (distinct from Skway), and Boas gives Keles,
which are not identifiable with any of the above.
Chinlak. A former village of the Tanotenne at the
confluence of Nechaco and Stuart rs., Brit. Col., which had a flourishing
population that the Tsilkotin practically annihilated in one night.
Chintagottine (people of the woods). A division of the
Kawchodinneh, dwelling on Mackenzie r., Mackenzie Ter., Canada, N. of Ft Good
Hope and between the river and Great Bear lake. Petitot often uses the term
synonymously with Kawchodinneh.
Chuchunayha. A body of Okinagan, of the Similkameen
group, in s. w. British Columbia; pop. 52 in 1901.
Chuckchuqualk (red place). A Shuswap village on North
Thompson r., Brit. Col.; pop. 129 in 1902.
Chuga (T!ŭ′uga, to
go for cedar planks) . A Haida town of the Gunghetgitunai, near Houston Stewart
channel and the abandoned town of Ninstints, Queen Charlotte ids., Brit. Col.
Swanton, Cont. Haida, 277, 1905.
Chukchukts. A Squawmish village community on the left
bank of Squawmisht r., Brit. Col.
Chukeu (Tcuq!e-ū′ ,
mouth of the tide). A Haida town on the s. w. coast of Moresby id., x. AV. Brit.
Cal., said to have been so named from an inlet in and out of which the tide
rushes with great force. It was occupied by the Sakikegawai, a family of
Ninstints. Swanton, Cont. Haida, 277, 1905.
Cisco (Si′ska,
uncle). A village of the Lytton band of Ntlakyapamuk on Fraser r. , 8 m. below
Lytton, Brit. Col.; pop. 32 in 1902.
Clahoose. A Salish tribe on Toba inlet, Brit, Col.,
speaking the Comox dialect; pop. 73 in 1904.
Clayoquot. A Nootka tribe living on Meares id. and
Torfino inlet, Clayoquot sd., Vancouver id.; pop. 241 in 1904, having become
reduced from about 1,100 in 60 years.
Clecksclocutsee. A former village 12 m. inland from
Clayoquot town, on the w. coast of Vancouver id. Bulfinch in H. R. Doc. 43,
26th Cong., 1st sess., 2, 1840.
Clelikitte. An unidentified (Wakashan) tribe about Queen
Charlotte sd., Brit. Col.
Clemclemalats. A Salish tribe speaking the Cowichan
dialect and residing in Cowichan valley, Vancouver id.; pop. 140 in 1904.
Clickass. Said to have been a former Kaigani village on
Prince of Wales id. See Klinkwan.
Clocktoot. A body of Shuswap of Kamloops agency, Brit.
Col.; pop. 194 in 1884.
Clo-oose. A Nitinat village at the mouth of Suwany r., s.
w. coast of Vancouver id.; pop. 80 in 1902. Can. Ind. Aff., 264, 1902.
Colchopa. A body of Salish of Williams Lake agency,
Brit. Col.; pop. 40 in 1889, the last time the name appears. Can. Ind. Aff.
for 1889, 271.
Comox. An important
coast Salish tribe on both sides of
Discovery pas sage, between Chancellor
channel and C. Mudge, Brit. Col. Their
proper name, Çatlō′ltx,
has been taken by Boas as the designation of
one dialect of coast Salish, including,
besides this, the Clahoose, Eeksen, Kakekt,
Kaake, Tatpoos, Homaltko, and Sliammon. Pop.
of the tribe 58 in 1904; of those speaking
the dialect, about 300. (J. R. S.)
Contarea. One of
the principal Huron villages in Ontario in
the 17th century; situated near the present
Lannigan's lake, Tiny township. See
Kontareahronon.
Cooptee. A Nootka
winter village near the head of Nootka sd.,
w. coast of Vancouver id.
Coquitlam. A coast
Salish tribe speaking the Cowichan dialect
and inhabiting Fraser valley just above the
delta, in British Columbia. They owned no
land, being practically slaves of the
Kwantlen. Pop. 25 in 1904.
Cowichan. A group
of Salish tribes speaking a single dialect
and occupying the s. E. coast of Vancouver
id. between Nonoos bay and Sanitch inlet,
and the valley of lower Fraser r. nearly to
Spuzzum, Brit. Col. The various bands and
tribes belonging to this group aggregated
2,991 in 1902. The following list of
Cowichan tribes is based on information
obtained from Boas: On Vancouver id.
Clemclemalats, Comiakin, Hellelt, Kenipsim,
Kilpanlus, Koksilah, Kulleets, Lilmalche,
Malakut, Nanaimo, Penelakut, Quamichan,
Siccameen, Snonowas, Somenos, Tateke, and
Yekolaos. On lower Fraser r. Chehalis,
Chilliwack, Coquitlam, Ewawoos, Katsey,
Kelatl, Kwantlin, Matsqui, Musqueam,
Nicomen, Ohamil, Pilalt, Popkum, Scowlitz,
Siyita, Sewathen, Snonkweametl,
Skawawalooks, Squawtits, Sumass, Tait,
Tsakuam, and Tsenes. (J. R. S.)
Cowichan Lake. A
local name for Nootka Indians who in summer
live on a reservation at the N. end of
Cowichan lake, s. Vancouver id. There were
only 2 there in 1904. Can. Ind. Aff.,
1902, 1904.
Credit Indians. A
Missisauga band formerly living on Credit
r., at the w. end of L. Ontario. About 1850
they removed to Tuscarora, on Grand r.,
Ontario, by invitation of the Iroquois.
Jones, Ojebway Inds., 211, 1861.
Cumshewa A
former Haida town at the N. entrance of
Cumshewa inlet, Queen Charlotte ids., Brit.
Col. By the natives it was known as Hlkenul.
It was almost entirely occupied by the
Stawas-haidagai , q. v. According to
John Work's estimate, 1836-41, there were
then 20 houses in the place and 286 people.
This agrees closely with that still given by
Cumshewa people as the former number.
Cumshewa was one of the last towns abandoned
when all the Indians of this region went to
Skidegate. Swanton, Cont. Haida, 279,
1905.
This site
includes some historical materials that may imply negative stereotypes
reflecting the culture or language of a particular period or place. These
items are presented as part of the historical record and should not be
interpreted to mean that the WebMasters in any way endorse the stereotypes
implied .
Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, Frederick Webb Hodge, 1906
