While we know our northern friends may not feel it, in the South, Spring is
here. So we thought we'd share a few of our gardening sites appropriate
for this time of the year. Along with gardening, there's grilling, and getting
ready to diet so that you can fit back into that bathing suit this summer!
Apache. A
number of the Apache bands extended their raids from time to time over the
territory of what is now Colorado, but only one of them, the
Jicarilla, may be said to
have been permanent occupants of any part of the State within the historic
period. This tribe is considered under the name Jicarilla below; for an
account of the other Apache tribes except the
Lipan, see New Mexico. The Lipan
are treated under Texas.
Arapaho.
The Arapaho hunted and warred over parts of eastern Colorado. (See
Wyoming.)
Bannock. This tribe and the
Shoshoni roamed over the extreme
northwestern corner of the State. (See
Idaho.)
Cheyenne.
The same may be said of the Cheyenne as of the Arapaho. (See
South
Dakota.)
Comanche. Like the Arapaho
and Cheyenne, this tribe hunted and warred in the eastern parts of the
State. (See
Texas.)
Jicarilla.
A Mexican Spanish word, meaning "little basket," given to the tribe on
account of the expertness of Jicarilla women in making baskets. Also
called:
Bĕ'-χai,
or Peχ'-gĕ,
Navaho name.
Kinya-inde, Mescalero name.
Koop-tagúi, Kiowa
name, signifying "mountain Apache."
Pi'-ke-e-wai-i-ne, Picuris name.
Tan-nah-shis-en, by Yarrow (1879) and signifying "men of the
woodland."
Tashi'ne, Mescalero name.
Tinde, own name.
Tu-sa-be', Tesuque name.
Connections. The
Jicarilla were one of the so-called Apache tribes, all of which belonged
to the great Athapascan linguistic stock, but with the
Lipan (see
Texas) constituted a
group distinct from the Apache proper. (See
New Mexico.)
Location. Within historic
times the homes of the Jicarilla have been in southeastern Colorado and
northern New Mexico, though they have ranged into the adjacent parts of
Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas.
Subdivisions
Mooney (1928) gives the following:
Apatsiltlizhihi, who claim the district of Mora, N. Mex.
Dachizhozhin, original home around the present Jicarilla
Reservation, N. Mex. Golkahin, claiming a former home
south of Taos Pueblo, N. Mex. Ketsilind, claiming a former home south of
Taos Pueb,u, N. Mex.
Saitinde, claiming the vicinity of present Espanola, N. Mex., as
their original
home.
History. There is little doubt that the
Jicarilla traveled southward at no very remote period from among the
Athapascan tribes in northwestern Canada, very likely by way of the
eastern flanks of the Rocky Mountains. They were probably among the
Querechos met by Coronado in 1540-42, the same people known to the later
Spanish explorers as Vaqueros. They first received mention under their own
name early in the eighteenth century. In 1733 a Spanish mission was
established for them near Taos, N. Mex., but it did not last long, and
their relations with the Spaniards were generally hostile. In 1853 the
governor of New Mexico induced 250 of the tribe to settle on the Puerco
River, but failure to ratify the treaty he had made with them caused them
to go on the warpath, and they continued hostile until their defeat by
United States troops in 1854. In 1870 they resided on the Maxwell grant in
northeastern New Mexico, but the sale of it necessitated their removal. In
1872 and again in 1873 attempts were made to move them to Fort Stanton,
but most of them were permitted to go to the Tierra Amarilla, on the
northern confines of the territory, on a reservation of 900 square miles
set aside in 1874. Their annuities having been suspended in 1878 on
account of their refusal to move southward in accordance with an Act of
Congress of that year, they resorted to thieving. In 1880 the Act of 1878
was repealed, and a new reservation was set aside on the Navajo River, to
which they were removed. Here they remained until 1883, when they were
transferred to Fort Stanton. On February 11, 1887, however, a reservation
was set aside for them in the Tierra Amarilla region by Executive Order.
They removed to this territory and there they have now been allotted land
in severalty.
Population. Mooney (1928)
estimated that there were about 800 Jicarilla in 1845. In 1905 they
numbered 795; according to the Census of 1910, there were 694; the Report
of the United States Indian Office for 1923 gave 608, and that for 1937,
714.
Connection in which they have
become noted. The name Jicarilla is given to mountains and a post
village in Lincoln County, N. Mex.
Kiowa. Like the Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Comanche, the Kiowa
formerly hunted and warred across parts of eastern Colorado. (See
Oklahoma.)
Navaho. The Navaho lived just
south of the Colorado boundary, entering that State only occasionally.
(See New Mexico.)
Pueblos. Most of the Pueblo
tribes trace their origin to some place in the north and there is no doubt
that the ancestors of many of them lived in what are now the pueblo and
cliff ruins of Colorado. In historic times the principal dealings of
Colorado Indians with the Pueblos have been with the Pueblo of Taos, which
was once a trading point of importance. Many of its people intermarried
with the Ute. (See
New Mexico.)
Shoshoni. Together with the
Bannock, the Shoshoni roamed over the extreme northwestern part of
Colorado. (See
Idaho.)
Ute. The Ute formerly occupied
the entire central and western portions of Colorado. (See
Utah.)
