Choctaw Mixed Bloods and the Advent of Removal

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Most studies of Indian-white relations in the Old Southwest either condemn federal and state policies as expansionist and racist or defend those policies as necessary and proper.  Such approaches tend to paint the historical picture in dichotomous tones neglecting to analyze the subtle, positive relationships between Indians and whites that existed outside of confrontation.  This dissertation addresses one such area concerning white countrymen and their mixed-blood offspring living with the Choctaw tribe before Removal.

Much of what transpired between the Choctaw nation and the United States government from 1795 until Choctaw Removal in 1830 was heavily affected by this group of white countryman and their Choctaw speaking children. The Chickasaw, Cherokee, and Creek experience was similar.  There is also plentiful anecdotal evidence from the nineteenth century historians that countrymen and mixed bloods were commonplace in Indian tribes of Mississippi Territory. Indeed there exist several thousand names from government claims records and commission hearings, as well as genealogical evidence, which indicate a broad occurrence of mixed bloods, especially in the Choctaw tribe.

This study lists the names and families of the known mixed bloods and examines their role in tribal history, especially regarding land treaties during the Jeffersonian years preceding Removal. This study includes a database of over three thousand names of known and probable mixed bloods drawn from a wide range of sources and therefore has genealogical as well as historical value.

• Introduction
• An Affinity For Trade
• Trade and Coexistence
• Samples of Mixed Blood Ubiquity: Representative Family Histories
• Jefferson, Mixed Bloods and Frontier Defense
• From Alliance to Removal
• Removal and the Legacy
• Note in Reference to the Appendices

  • Surname Appendix A

    • Abrams, Jno to Austin, Sam

    • Bacon, Benjamin to Bynum, John

    • Cabbage, Ellis to Cuthery, Poll

    • Dale, Sam to Dyer, Polly

    • Eaves, Samuel to Evrage, Thomas

    • Favre, Alex to Fuller, Tom Mrs

    • Gains, George to Gwin, Wm.

    • Hagel, Christia to Hunter, Sylas

    • Impson, Caleb to Juzant, Peter, Jr

    • Kamp, Author to Krebs, Exther

    • Laborie, Matthew to Lyons, William 

    • MacGhee, Lynn to Myles, John

    • McAfee, James to McRee, Alexander

    • Nail, Adam to Noahaya, Thompson

    • O'Kelley, John to Quarts, James

    • Radford, Widow to Ryales, Arthur

    • Sampson to Suzan, J. 

    • Talapoosa, John to Vincent, Hiram

    • Wade, Alexander to Young, Alexander 

  • Surnames, Appendix B

    • Adams, Elijah to Ayers, Nathaniel

    • Bacon, Benjamin to Bynum, John

    • Calhoun, John C. to Curtis, Polly

    • Davis, Joseph to Everidge, Thomas

    • Fields, Peggy to Fry, Lamar

    • Gardner, Anna to Greggs, Leroy P.

    • Hancock, Fanny to Hunter, George

    • Jacobs, Henry to Jones, Wm.

    • Karncy, Elli to Lucas, William

    • Mackey, David to Murengo, Graves

    • Nail, Daniel to Oxberry, David

    • Pace, William to Rofre, William

    • Saman, George to Stull, Winn

    • Terrell, James to Vincent, Melinda

    • Wade, Alfred to Woods, William

  • Surnames, Appendix C

    • Adams, Elijah to Byington, Samuel

    • Calhoun, John C. to Curtis, Edward

    • Daley, Alexander to Fry, Polly

    • Gardner, Isaac to Hunter, George

    • Imson, Isaac to Lucas, Lue

    • Macky, David to Muscogee, Graves

    • Nail, Jerry to Pusley, Urice

    • Raiford, Edmund to Turnbull, Turner B.

    • Underwood, Gaya to Woods, Stephen

  • Known and Probable Mixed Bloods
  • Choctaw Mixed Bloods, 1831-33
  • Probable Mixed-Blood Heads of Household, 1834
• Vita
• List of Charts
  • 1. French Trade Goods for the Choctaw Indians, 1759
  • 2. Descendent Chart for Marchand/Dye Lineage
  • 3. Anderson List of Mixed Bloods
  • 4. Brashears List of Mixed Bloods
    • Emeline Jane Smith, Application
  • 5.  Cravat List of Mixed Bloods
  • 6.  Cravat Genealogy Chart
  • 7.  Durant List of Mixed Bloods
  • 8.  Durant Genealogy Chart: Choctaw Branch
  • 9.  Durant Genealogy Chart: Creek Branch
  • 10. Folsom List of Mixed Bloods
  • 11. Folsom Genealogy Chart
  • 12. Frazier List of Mixed Bloods
  • 13. Jones List of Mixed Bloods
  • 14. Juzan List of Mixed Bloods
  • 15. Juzan Genealogy Chart
  • 16. Leflore List of Mixed Bloods
  • 17. Nail List of Mixed Bloods
  • 18. Pitchlynn List of Mixed Bloods
  • 19. Breakdown of Choctaw Treaty Signers
  • 20. Some Mixed Bloods with Pushmataha in the War of 1812
  • 21. Resolution Signers at Choctaw Academy, 1827
  • 22. Mixed-Blood Captains (see note)
• List of Illustrations
  • Figure 1. 1818 Melish Map of Alabama
  • Figure 2. 1820 Melish map of Mississippi

Indian Genealogy

Notes About the Dissertation:

Source: Choctaw Mixed Bloods and the Advent of Removal, Dr. Samuel James Wells, 1987, University of Southern Mississippi. Copyright Dr. Samuel James Wells, 1987-2009.  Used here with permission.

Online Publication: The manuscript was scanned and then ocr'd. Minimal editing has been done, and readers can and should expect some errors in the textual output.

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