While we know our northern friends may not feel it, in the South, Spring is
here. So we thought we'd share a few of our gardening sites appropriate
for this time of the year. Along with gardening, there's grilling, and getting
ready to diet so that you can fit back into that bathing suit this summer!
Between the northern division and
the southern there appears evidence of dialectical distinction. Gaduda'atcu (R.), which
is "the strongest language," prevails in the north, although most of the Fort
Cobb people also speak it. Similarly, although ha'ine' (R.) is spoken in the
north and one of the northern family localities is called naha'ine', the centre
of ha'ine' is in the south.
Now and again a nacidu'c (R.) word or a ha'ic (R.)
word will be used. Of other dialectical divisions,' "perhaps two,"' White Moon
had forgotten the names.8
The Caddo term for such divisions is kuosho'dacha,
meaning lots of people living, e.g. naha'ine' kuosho'dacha, lots of people
living at ha'ine'. Hasi'ne (R.) is the form White Moon and Ingkanish give for
the tribal name.9
Between the two Caddo divisions considerable land is
held by Whites, and there are in the County several White towns, Lookeba, Binger
(nabinka) and Gracemont, the two latter each with a population of almost two
thousand, and in the south Anadarko with six thousand. A few Caddo live in these
White towns--in Anadarko there may be from fifteen to twenty.
Between the two Caddo divisions, from Gracemont to
Anadarko, live also the intermarrying
Wichita and
Kichai, who number about 300.
South of the Washita River10 live the Comanche (so'ta). East and west
and southwest of Anadarko live the Kiowa (ka'hiwa) and
Apache (ishikwita') once called Ka'ntsi, cheats.11 To the north of Caddo
County, across the Canadian River, are the Cheyenne (shane'tika) and Arapaho
(sianabu).
Study of the distribution of the persons cited in the
genealogical tables has shown a tendency among the Caddo to live together in
family settlements or groups which are composed rather more of matrilineal than
of patrilineal relatives. There is a fairly marked tendency for men to join
their wife's group, although many instances occur (see Appendix) where a man
brings his wife to his parents' group, particularly, as might be expected, when
his wife is of another tribe.
6 Twelve divisions were recorded by Mooney in
1896: Kä'dohădä'cho, Nädä'ko (Anadarko), Hai'nai, Nä'baidä'cho,
Nă'kohodo'tsi, Näshi'tosh, Yä'tăsi, Hădai'i, (Hai'ĭsh, Nä'ka`na'wan, I'măha
(Kwâoâ), Yowa'ni (Choctaw). (The Ghost-Dance Religion, 1092-1093). Cp.
Sibley, 95-96.
Pardon referred to a "lost tribe" tradition. A band of Caddo went buffalo
hunting to the west and never returned. Ingkanish said that some hainai
went to California.
Dr. Voegelin was told in 1935 by an
Absentee Shawnee that about 1824-40
there were on a reservation forty miles from Austin, Texas (then Mexico)
together with the Shawnee,
Delaware (present
Anadarko group), Wichita, Kichai,
Creeks, altogether representatives from twenty-two tribes, among them Caddo, Ainai Caddo, and a Caddo group called Wikos. (Shawnee Field Notes). 7 Said probably to complete the preferred number. See p. 45. 8Yanda'si' (R.) was subsequently recalled, likewise,
uncertainly, nadako (Anadarko). Ingkanish knew only of hainai and
nadarko of whom there are few, one or two. Pardon mentioned:
Kaddohoda'cho (hada'cho, it hurts!), hainai, nadarko,
na.sitush, yatasi, haiish-"all mixed today," and
he did not know the group affiliation of anybody. For references to Quapaw,
see pp. 52, 53 to Choctaw (sha'ta), see pp. 26, 28. 9Hasi'nai is translated "our own folk," in the Handbook.
Xasinĕ has also been given as a division or band term (Spier, 258). Spier
mentions also kadohadatc, hainaĭ, anadark'. 10 "Boundary River," to the north live the Caddo, Wichita, and
Delaware; to the south, the Kiowa,
Kiowa-Apache, and Comanche.
11Mooney, 1103.
