Hunting

Eagles are shot,¹⁴⁵ not snared. If you picked up the feather dropped by a live eagle, there would be a death in the family (Ingkanish). After shooting an eagle, or finding a dead eagle, you must notify your people, "otherwise something awful will happen to you;¹⁴⁶ eagles have wonderful power."¹⁴⁷ Ritual must be performed, by any older man. Then the bird may be plucked, after which it is buried like a person. The eagle killer is bathed all over with warm water and tobacco, and smoked with cedar fumes. The eagle feathers may be given away after they have been smoked (like any property of the dead). Eagle feathers are used "in medicine."

     There is no restriction upon bear hunting--"Caddo, not like Kiowa who are afraid to kill a bear they think is a man." In fact Caddo were great bear hunters (like Shawnee). They would go bear hunting in a party, choosing an honest man, not a liar, to build the camp fire and keep it up. This, in order that the bear would not get away, i.e. would stay near the camp. The party shared evenly in the game. The husband of a pregnant woman may not go hunting, he has to stay at home.¹⁴⁸ Women eat bear meat, but a pregnant woman would probably not eat it.

     Nowadays there is no hunting. The Wichita Mountains are a government reservation. Nowadays "there is nothing to do but work" was Grayson Pardon's lament.

Rites
Exorcism By Fumigation¹⁴⁹

This rite¹⁵⁰ is performed, as we shall note, in Peyote ceremonial--when a participant returns to the ceremonial tipi after having had to leave it during the night, and, by all the participants at the close of the ceremony.

     Any one who would enter the room where a patient is being cured has first to be smoked.
     The property of the dead is smoked, at the grave, before it is given away, and the mourners themselves are smoked. Feathers plucked from a dead eagle have also to be smoked before they are given away. Eagle killers are smoked.

     In the Peyote fumigatory rite eagle feathers are used to waft the smoke, ordinarily a person merely stoops over the smoke, no covering being used.

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¹⁴⁵ Cp. Mooney, 992.
¹⁴⁶ Cp. Mooney, 1100-1101. Formerly only the medicine-men who knew the eagle-killing ritual killed eagles. "Should anyone else kill an eagle, his family would die or some other great misfortune would come upon him." The eagle-killer took with him a robe or other valuable offering. He covered the body of the eagle with the robe (as dead deer are covered by Pueblo Indians). The dead eagle was not brought home. Mooney continues, "The last man of the Caddo who knew the eagle-killing ritual died some years ago, and since then they have had to go without eagle feathers or buy them from the Kiowa and other tribes. Since Sitting Bull (of the Arapaho) came down and `gave the feather' (see p. 49) to the leaders of the (Ghost) dance the prohibition is removed, and men and women alike are now at liberty to get and wear eagle feathers as they will."--And yet, not quite.
     This reverence for the eagle is much like that of the Shawnee, in general tone. Eagle feathers, until they were "cured," were highly dangerous; if a man wore an "uncured" feather he would die (Voegelin).
¹⁴⁷ Among Shawnee membrane from inside the quill had to be removed before the feather could be worn; otherwise it was too powerful (Voegelin).
¹⁴⁸ Formerly a pregnant woman was not allowed to cooperate in planting lest it spoil the crop (Hatcher, XXXI, 156).
¹⁴⁹ Cp. Hatcher, XXX, 214; Pawnee, Maurie, 625-626, 637; Dorsey 1: 79; Dorsey 3: 30.
¹⁵⁰ Hits'iushnuha, I was smoking myself.

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Notes on the Caddo

Notes About the Book:

Source: Notes on the Caddo, Memories of the American Anthropological Association, Elsie Clews Parsons, 1921.

Online Publication: The manuscript was scanned and then ocr'd. Minimal editing has been done, and readers can and should expect some errors in the textual output.

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