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Hopi Indians
Hopi. Contracted from their own
name H6pitu, "peaceful ones," or H6pitu-shinumu, "peaceful all people."
Also called:
| A-ar-ke, or E-ar'-ke, Apache name, signifying "live
high up on top of the |
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mesas." |
Ah-mo-kfii, Zuni name.
Ai-yah-kfn-nee, Navaho name.
A'-mu-kwi-kwe, Zuni name, signifying "smallpox people."
Asay or Osay, by Bustamante and Gallegos (1582).
Bokeaf, Sandia Tiwa name.
Buhk'herk, Isleta Tiwa name for Tusayan.
Bukin, Islets name for the people.
Eyanini dine, Navaho name (Gatschet).
Hapeka, a Zuni name, referring to excrement.
Joso, Tewa name.
Khoso, Santa Clara name.
Kosho, Hano Tewa name.
K'o-so-o, San Ildefonso Tewa name.
Maastoetsjkwe, given by Ten Kate, signifying "the land of Masawe,"
god of the |
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earth, given as the name of their country. |
Mastutc'kwe, same as preceding.
Moki, signifying "dead" in their own language, but probably from
some other, |
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perhaps a Keresan dialect. |
Topin-keua, said to be a Zuni name of
which Tontonteac is a corruption.
Tusayan, name of the province in which the Hopi lived, from Zuni
Usayakue, |
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"people of Usaya," Usaya referring to two of the
largest Hopi villages. |
| Whiwunai, Sandia Tiwa name. |
Connections. The Hopi
constitute a peculiar dialectic division of the Shoshonean branch of the
Uto-Aztecan linguistic family, and they are the only Shoshonean people, so
far as known, who ever took on a Pueblo culture, though the Tanoans are
suspected of a remote Shoshonean relationship.
Location. On Three Mesas
in northeastern Arizona.
Towns
Awatobi (destroyed), on a mesa about 9 miles
southeast of Walpi.
Hano, occupied by Tewa (see Tewa Pueblos under New Mexico).
Homolobi, near Winslow, was formerly occupied by the ancestors of
various |
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Hopi clans. |
Kisakobi, at the northwest base of the
East Mesa.
Kuchaptuvela, on the terrace of the First or East Mesa below the
present Walpi |
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village. |
Mishongnovi, on the Second or Middle
Mesa.
Moenkapi, about 40 miles northwest of Oraibi, a farming village of
Oraibi.
Oraibi, on the Third or West Mesa.
Shipaulovi, on the Second or Middle Mesa.
Shongopovi, on the Second or Middle Mesa.
Sichomovi, on the First or East Mesa.
Walpi, on the First or East Mesa.
Kisatobi and Kuchaptuvela were successively occupied by the
ancestors of the |
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Walpi before the later Walpi was built. |
History. According to
tradition, the Hopi are made up of peoples who came from the north, east,
and south. Their first contact with Europeans was in 1540, when Coronado,
then at Zuni, sent Pedro de Tobar and Fray Juan de Padilla to visit them.
They were visited by Antonio de Espejo in 1583, and in 1598 Juan de (Mate,
governor and colonizer of New Mexico, made them swear fealty and vassalage
to the King of Spain. In 1629 a Franciscan mission was established at
Awatobi, followed by others at Walpi, Shongopovi, Mishongnovi, and Oraibi.
These were destroyed in the general Pueblo outbreak of 1680, and an
attempt to reestablish a mission at Awatobi in 1700 led to its destruction
by the other pueblos. The pueblos of Walpi, Mishongnovi, and Shongopovi,
then situated in the foothills, were probably abandoned about the time of
the rebellion, and new villages were built on the adjacent mesas for
defense against a possible Spanish attack which did not materialize. After
the reconquest of the Rio Grande pueblos by Vargas, some of the people who
formerly occupied them fled to the Hopi and built a pueblo called Payupki
on the Middle Mesa. About the middle of the eighteenth century, however,
they were taken back and settled in Sandia. About 1700 Hano was
established on the East Mesa, near Walpi, by Tewa from near Abiquiu, N.
Mex., on the invitation of the Walpians. About the time when the Payupki
people returned to their old homes, Sichomovi was built on the First Mesa
by clans from the Rio Grande, and Shipaulovi was founded by a colony from
Shongopovi. The present Hopi Reservation was set aside ;' Executive order
on December 16, 1882.
Population. Mooney (1928)
estimates a Hopi population of 2,800 in 1680. In 1890 the population of
Oraibi was 905, and in 1900 the other pueblos (exclusive of Hano) had 919.
In 1904 the total Hopi population was officially given as 1,878. The
Census of 1910 re-turned 2,009, apparently including Hano, and the Report
of the United States Indian Office for 1923 gave 2,336. The United States
Census of 1930 returned 2,752. In 1937 there were 3,248, including the
Tewan Hano.
Connections in which they
have become noted. The Hopi are noted as a tribe Shoshonean in
language but Puebloan in culture, and also deserve consideration as one of
the Pueblo divisions to which particular attention has been paid by
ethnologists, including Fewkes, the Stevensons, Hough, Voth, Forde, Lowie,
etc. Great popular attention has been drawn to them on account of the
spectacular character of the Snake Dance held every 2 years.
Kohuana. Significance
unknown. Also given as Cajuenche, Cawina, and Quokim.
Connections. The Kohuana
belonged to the Yuman branch of the Hokan linguistic stock, spoke the
Cocopa dialect, and were also closely connected with the Halyikwamai.
Location. In 1775–76 the
Kohuana lived on the east bank of the Colorado River below the mouth of
the Gila, next to the Ilalyikwamai, their villages extending south to
about latitude 32°33' N., and into southern California, at about latitude
33°08' N., next to the eastern Diegueno. (See also Mexico.)
Villages
| Merced, a group of rancherias in northeastern Baja
California, west of the |
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Colorado and 4 leagues southwest of Santa Olalla, a
Yuma village. |
| San Jacome, probably Cajuenche, near
the mountains, about latitude 33°8' N., |
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in southern California. |
| San Sebastian, Cajuenche or Dieguefio,
in southern California, latitude 33°8' |
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N., evidently at Salton Lake. |
History. The Kohuana are
the Coana mentioned by Hernando de Alarc6n, who ascended the Colorado
River in 1540. Juan de Onate visited them in 1604-5, and they are probably
the Cutganas of Kino (1701-2), while Francisco Games in 1776 reported that
they were numerous and at enmity with the Cocopa. From Mohave tradition,
it appears that at a somewhat later period they lived along the river near
Parker together with the Halchidhoma, whom they followed to the fertile
bottom lands higher up. Later the Mohave crowded them southward but still
later compelled them to return to the ?Mohave country where they remained
for 5 years. At the end of that period they determined to go downstream
again to live with the Yuma; but, one of their number having been killed
by the Yuma, they joined the Maricopa, with whom they ultimately became
merged.
Population. Mooney (1928)
estimates that there were 3,000 Kohuana in 1680, the figure given by Games
in 1775-76. Kroeber (1920) believes these estimates are too high. In 1851
Bartlett re-ported 10 of this tribe living with the Maricopa, and,
according to a Mohave informant of Kroeber's, there were 36 about 1883.
Maricopa. Significance of the name unknown.
Also called:
Atchihwa', Yavapai name (Gatschet 1877-92).
Cocomaricopa, an old form.
Cohpap, or Awo-pa-pa, Pima name.
Pipatsje, own name, signifying "people."
Si-ke-na, Apache name for Pima, Papago, and Maricopa, signifying
"living in |
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sand houses." |
Tt'hba, Yavapai name (Gatschet,
1877-92).
Tchihogasat, Havasupai name.
Widshi itikapa, Tonto name, also applied to Pima and Papago. |
Connections. The Maricopa
belong to the Yuman linguistic stock, a part of the Hokan family, and are
said to be related most closely to the Yuma tribe proper and the
Halchidhoma.
Location. On Gila
River, with and below the Pima, to the mouth of the river. Anciently they
are said to have had some rancherias in a valley west of the Colorado.
Villages
The following villages were all on the Gila River unless
otherwise specified:
Aicatum.
Amoque.
Aopomue.
Aqui.
Aquimundurech. Aritutoc, on the north
the present Oatman flat and the
Great Bend of the river.
Atiahigui.
Aycate.
Baguiburisac, probably Maricopa, near the Gila River.
Caborh.
Caborica.
Cant, probably Maricopa, not far below the mouth of Salt River.
Choutikwuchik.
Coat, probably Maricopa, location uncertain.
Cocoigui.
Cohate.
Comarchdut.
Cuaburidurch.
Cudurimuitac.
Dueztumac, about 120 miles above the mouth of the Gila.
Gohate.
Guias.
Hinama, its people now on the south bank of Salt River east of the
Mormon settlement of Lehi, Maricopa County.
Hiyayulge.
Hueso Parado, with Pima, on the Pima and Maricopa Reservation.
Khauweshetawes.
Kwatchampedau.
Norchean.
Noscario.
Oitac.
Ojiataibues.
Pipiaca.
Pitaya.
Sacaton, mainly Pima, on the Gila River about 22 miles east of
Maricopa Station. |
San Bernadino, at Agua Caliente, near
the Gila River; another place on the river was called by the same
name.
San Geronimo, 20 leagues from Merced
and 27 leagues from the Gila River.
side at or near San Martin, on the Gila River west of
the Great Bend.
San Rafael, probably Maricopa, in southern Arizona.
Sasabac.
Shobotarcham.
Sibagoida, probably Maricopa, location uncertain.
Sibrepue.
Sicoroidag, on the Gila River below Tucsani.
Soenadut.
Stucabitic.
Sudac.
Sudacsasaba.
Tadeovaqui.
Tahapit.
Toil.
Toaedut.
Tota, probably Maricopa.
Tuburch.
Tuburh, location uncertain.
Tubutavia.
Tucavi, perhaps identical with Tucsani. Tucsani.
Tucsasic.
Tuesapit.
Tumac, said to have been the western-most Maricopa village on the
Gila River.
Tuquisan.
Tutomagoidag.
Uitorrum, a group of rancherias on the south bank of the Gila River
not far west of the Great Bend.
Uparch.
Upasoitac, near the Great Bend of the Gila River.
Urchaortac.
Yayahaye. |
History. The Maricopa are
thought to have separated from the Yuma and to have moved slowly up the
Colorado River to the lower Gila River; or, as later history would
indicate, they may have been forced into this region by hostile tribes.
They were encountered by Juan de Oñate
in 1604–5, and by Kino in 1701–2. From 1775 until recent times they were
at war with the Yuma, and in 1857, in alliance with the Pima, they
inflicted a severe defeat upon the Yuma near Maricopa Wells. A reservation
was set apart for the Maricopa and Pima by Act of Congress February 28,
1859; it was enlarged by Executive order of August 31, 1876, but was
revoked and other lands were set apart by Executive order of June 14,
1879. This was again enlarged by Executive orders May 5, 1882, and
November 15, 1883. No treaty was ever made with them.
Population. Mooney (1928)
estimates that there were 2,000 Maricopa in 1680. Venegas (1758) says that
in 1742 there were about 6,000 Pima and "Cocomaricopa" on Gila River, and
in 1775 Garcés estimates a population
of 3,000 Maricopa. In 1905 there were 350 under the Pima School
Superintendent. The census of 1910 gives 386, and the Report of the United
States Indian Office for 1923, 394. The census of 1930 returned 310, and
the Report of the United States
Indian Office of 1937, 339.
Connection in which they have
become noted. The name of the
Maricopa is preserved in that of Maricopa County, Ariz., and in the name
of a post village in Pinal County and another in Kern County, Calif.
Additional Arizona
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Arizona Indians
Notes About the Book:
Source: The Indian Tribes of North America, John R. Swanton, 1953
Online Publication: The manuscript was scanned and
then ocr'd. Minimal editing has been done, and readers can and should expect
some errors in the textual output.
This site includes some historical materials that may imply negative
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These items are presented as part of the historical record and should not be
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