Apache.
Bands of Apache occupied the Gila River region in Arizona within historic
times and periodically overran much of the territory of the State. (See
New Mexico.)
Connections. The Cocopa
belong to the Yuman linguistic family, a branch of the Hokan stock.
Location. About the mouth
of Colorado River. (See also Mexico.)
Subdivisions. River
Cocopa and Mountain Cocopa. Cuculato and Llagas are also mentioned, the
latter a name applied by the Spaniards to a group of villages.
Villages
Gifford (1923) reports as follows: "Settlement sites on
West bank of Colorado from Hardy confluence North (when river flowed near
Colonia Lerdo):
1, A'u'ewawa;
2, Kwinyakwa'a;
3, Yishiyul, settlement of Halyikwamai in 1848;
4, Heyauwah, 5 miles N. of Yishiyul and opposite Colonia Lerdo (8 hours'
slow walk from Colorado-Hardy confluence);
5, Amanyochilibuh;
6, Esinyamapawhai (Noche Buena of the Mexicans)." There was also a town
called Hauwala below or above No. 5.
"Settlement sites on West bank of Hardy from confluence
North:
1, Karukhap;
2, Awiahamoka;
3, Nümischapsakal;
4, EweshespiL;
5, Tamanikwawa, (meaning `mullet (tamanik) place') on lagoon 4 or 5 miles
SE of Cocopah mts;
6, awikukapa (Cocopa mt.);
10, WeLsuL;
11, Awisinyai, northernmost Cocopa village, about 5 miles S. of Mexicali.
"Lumholtz (p. 251) lists following Cocopa settlements in
the first decade of 20th century; Noche Buena (20 families), Mexical
(40–50 families), Pescador (15 families), Pozo Vicente (more than 100
families)."
History. Without question
this tribe was first met by Hernando de Alarcón
in 1540. They are mentioned by 'Dilate in 1604-5, by Kino in 1701—2 under
the name "Hogiopas," and by Francisco Games in 1776. Most of their
territory was outside of the limits of the United States, but a small part
of it passed under United States Government control with the Gadsden
Purchase. Those Cocopa who remained on the northern side of the
International Boundary were placed on the Colorado River Reservation.
Population. Garcés
estimated 3,000 in 1776. In 1857 Heintzelman placed the former strength of
the tribe at about 300 warriors. There are now said to be 800 in northern
Baja California. There were 99 in the United States in 1930, and 41 in
1937.
Connections. The
Halchidhoma belonged to the Yuman branch of the Hokan linguistic stock and
are said to have spoken the same language as the Yuma tribe and to have
been closely connected also with the Maricopa.
Location. At various
points on the Colorado River near the mouth of the Gila. (See also
California.)
Villages
Asumpción, a
group of villages on or near the Colorado River, in California,
more than 50 miles below the mouth of Bill Williams
Fork.
Lagrimas de San Pedro, a group of
villages in the neighborhood of Asumpción.
San Antonio, in the same general location as Lagrimas but only 35 or
40 miles
below the mouth of Bill Williams Fork.
Santa Coleta, a group of villages in
the same region as Asumpci6n and Lagrimas
de San Pedro.
History. The Halchidhoma
were probably encountered by Alarcon in 1540, though he does not mention
them. In 1604—5 Orate found them occupying eight villages on the Colorado
below the mouth of the Gila; Father Eusebio Kino in 1701—2 came upon them
above the Gila, and by Garces' time (1776) their villages were scattered
on both sides of the Colorado, beginning about 38 miles below Bill
Williams' Fork and extending the same distance downstream. Later they
moved farther north, along with the Kohuana, but were soon forced
downstream again by the Mohave and ultimately took refuge with the
Maricopa on Gila River, by whom they were ultimately absorbed.
Population. Mooney (1928)
estimates 3,000 in 1680, but this is evidently based on Garces' figure of
2,500 in 1776, which Kroeber (1920) believes much too high. Kroeber
suggests about 1,000 as of the year 1770.
Halyikwamai.
Significance unknown. Also spelled Jallicumay, Quigyuma, Tlalliguamayas,
Kikima(by Mason, 1940), and in various other ways.
Connections. The
Halyikwamai belonged to the Yuman linguistic stock, their dialect being
reported as close to Cocopa and Kohuana.
Location. (See History.)
Villages
Presentation, probably Quigyuma, on the west side of
the Colorado River, in
Baja California.
San Casimiro, probably on the east bank
of the Colorado River, above
tidewater, in northwest Sonora, Mexico.
San Felix de Valois, apparently on the
east bank of the Rio Colorado, between
its mouth and the junction of the Gila, probably
about the present Arizona-Sonora boundary line.
San Rudesindo, probably on the east
bank of the Colorado River, just above its
mouth, in northwestern Sonora, Mexico.
Santa Rosa, a group of villages on the
eastern side of the lower Rio Colorado,
about latitude 32°18' N., in northwestern Sonora,
Mexico.
History. The Halyikwamai
were discovered in 1540 by Alarcon, who calls them Quicama. In 1604—5
Orate found them in villages on the Colorado River below the mouth of the
Gila River and above the Cocopa Indians. In 1762 they dwelt in a fertile
plain, 10 or 12 leagues in length, on the eastern bank of the Colorado,
and here they were found by Father Garcés
in 1771 in a group of villages which he named Santa Rosa. By 1775, when he
revisited the tribe, they had moved to the west side of the river, their
first villages on the north being in the vicinity of Ogden's Landing,
about latitude 32°18' N., adjacent to the Kohuana. It is probable that
they were finally absorbed by the Cocopa or some other Yuman people.
Population. Mooney (1928) estimates a population for the
Halyikwamai in 1680 of 2,000, which is Garces' estimate in 1775. Orate
estimated 4,000—5,000 in 1605, but all of these figures are probably much
too high.
Havasupai. Signifying
"blue (or green) water people," abbreviated into Supai. Also called:
Ăk'-ba-sū0pai,
Walapai form of name.
Ka'nfna, Coconino, Cosnino, Kokonino, Zuni name said to have been
borrowed from the Hopi and to signify "pinon nut
people."
Nation of the Willows, so called by
Cushing.
Yabipai Jabesua, so called by Garces in 1776.
Connections. The
Havasupai belong to the Yuman branch of the Hokan linguistic stock, being
most closely connected with the Walapai, and next with the Yavapai.
Location. They
occupy Cataract Canyon of the Colorado River, northwestern Arizona.
History. The nucleus of
the Havasupai Tribe is believed to have come from the Walapai. The Cosnino
caves on the upper Rio Verde, near the northern edge of Tonto Basin,
central Arizona, were named for them, from a traditional former occupancy.
Garces may have met some of these Indians in 1776, but definite notices of
them seem to be lacking until about the middle of the last century. Leroux
(1888) appears to have met one of this tribe in 1851, and since then they
have come increasingly to the knowledge of the Whites.
Population. Mooney (1928)
estimates about 300 Havasupai in 1680, but Spier (1928) believes this
figure somewhat too high. In 1869, 300 were reported; in 1902, 233; in
1905, 174; in 1910, 174; and in 1923, 184. In 1930, with the Walapai and
Yavapai, they numbered 646. In 1937 the number estimated was 208.
Hopi. Contracted from their own
name H6pitu, "peaceful ones," or H6pitu-shinumu, "peaceful all people."
Also called:
Mohave. From a native word "hamakhava,"
referring to the Needles and signifying "three mountains." Also given as
Amojave, Jamajabs. Synonyms are:
Năks'-ăt,
Pima and Papago name.
Soyopas, given by Font (1775).
Tzi-na-ma-a, given as their own name "before they came to the
Colorado
River."
Wamakava, Havasupai name.
Will idahapá, Tulkepaya name.
Connections. The Mohave
belonged to the Yuman linguistic family.
Location. On both sides
of the Colorado River—though chiefly on the east side—between the Needles
and the entrance to Black Canyon.
Villages
Pasion, a group of rancherias on the east
bank of the Colorado, below the present Ft. Mahave.
San Pedro, on or near the west bank of the Colorado, about 8 miles
northwest of Needles, Calif.
Santa Isabel, a group of rancherias situated at or in the vicinity
of the present Needles.
History. Possibly Alarc6n may have reached the
Mohave territory in 1540. At any rate, Oñate
met them in 1604, and in 1775–76 Games found them in the above-named
villages. No treaty was made with them by the United States Government,
but by Act of March 3, 1865, supplemented by Executive orders in 1873,
1874, and 1876, the Colorado River Reservation was established and it was
occupied by the Mohave, Chemehuevi, and Kawia.
Population. Mooney (1928)
gives 3,000 Mohave in 1680, and Kroeber (1925) the same as of 1770, the
estimate made by Gamés in 1775–76.
About 1834 Leroux estimated 4,000. In 1905 their number was officially
given as 1,589, of whom 508 were under the Colorado River School
Superintendent, 856 under the Fort Mohave School Superintendent, 50 under
the San Carlos Agency, and about 175 at Camp McDowell, on the Verde River.
The Indians at Fort Mohave and Camp McDowell, however, were apparently
Yavapai, commonly known as Apache Mohave. The census of 1910 gives 1,058
true Mohave. The United States Indian Office Report for 1923 seems to give
1,840, including Mohave, Mohave Apache, and Chemehuevi. The census of 1930
returned 854, and the Report of the United States Office of Indian Affairs
for 1937, 856.
Connection in which they have
become noted. The name Mohave has been preserved in the designation of
the Mohave Desert and Mohave River in California, and Mohave County,
Ariz., and also in the name of a post-village in Arizona. There is also a
post village named Mojave in Kern County, Calif.
Navaho. The Navaho occupied part of the
northeastern section of Arizona. (See
New Mexico.)
Paiute. The southern or true Paiute occupied
or hunted over some
of the northernmost sections of Arizona. (See
Nevada.)
Quahatika. Significance
unknown. Also spelled Kohatk.
Connections. The
Quahatika belonged to the Piman division of the Uto-Aztecan stock, and
were most closely related to the Pima, of which tribe they are said to
have been a branch.
Location. In the desert
of southern Arizona, 50 miles south of the Gila River.
Villages. The chief
Quahatika settlement is Quijotoa, in the western part of Pima County,
southern Arizona. Early in the eighteenth century they are said to have
shared the village of Aquitun with the Pima. (See
Pima.)
History. The
history of the Quahatika has, in.the main, been parallel with that of the
Pima and Papago (q. v.). They are said to have left Aquitun about 1800,
and to have introduced cattle among the Pima from the Mexicans about 1820.
Population. The Quahatika
seem to have been enumerated with the Pima.
Sobaipuri. Significance
unknown. Also called: Rsársavinâ,
Pima name, signifying "spotted."
Tonto. This name has been applied to a number of distinct groups
of Apache and Yuman peoples. It is said to have been given to a mixture of
Yavapai, Yuma, and Maricopa, with some Pinaleno Apache, placed on the
Verde River Reservation, Ariz., in 1873, and transferred to the San Carlos
Reservation in 1875; also to a body of Indians, descended mostly from
Yavapai men and Pinaleno women. (See New Mexico.)
Walapai. From the native
word Xawálapáiy',
"pine-tree folk" (fide J. P. Harrington. Also called:
Yavapai. According to the Handbook of
American Indians (Hodge, 1907, 1910), from enyaéva,
"sun," and pai, "people," and thus signifying "people of the sun," but the
southeastern Yavapai interpreted it to mean "crooked-mouth people," that
is, a "sulky" people who do not agree with other peoples (fide Gifford,
1936). Also called:
Yuma. Said to be an old Pima and Papago term for
this tribe and in some cases the Kamia and Maricopa also (Forde, 1931).
Also called:
Cetguanes, by Venegas (1759).
Chirumas, an alternative name given by Orozco y Berra (1864).
Club Indians, by Emory (1848).
Cuchan, or, strictly, Kwitcyána,
own name.
Dil-zhay's, Apache name for this tribe and the Tonto and Mohave,
signifying "red soil with red ants" (White, MS.).
Garroteros, by Emory (1848).
Guichyana, Chemehuevi name.
Hatilshe', same as Dil-zhay's.
Húkwats, Paiute name, signifying
"weavers."
Kún, said to be Apache name for
this tribe and the Tulkepaia.
Wamâkava, applied by Havasupai
to Mohave and perhaps to this tribe also.
Connections. The Yuma
were one of the chief tribes of the old Yuman linguistic stock, to which
they have given their name, but their closest immediate relatives were the
Maricopa and Halchidhoma. The Yuman stock is now considered a part of the
larger Hokan family.
Location. On both sides
of the Colorado River next above the Cocopa, or about 50 or 60 miles from
the mouth of the river, at and below the junction of the Gila River, Fort
Yuma being in about the center of their territory. (See also California.)
Villages
Forde (1931) gives the following:
Ahakwedehor (axakweởexor),
about 2 miles northeast of Fort Yuma.
Avikwotapai, some distance south of Parker on the California side of
the Colorado. Huksil (xuksī'l),
along the Colorado River near Pilot Knob, a few miles south of
Algodones and across the International Boundary.
Kwerav (ava'io), about 2 miles south of the present Laguna Dam and
on the California side of the Colorado.
Unnamed town, a little east of the present site of Picacho, at the
foot of the Chocolate Mountains.
History. Neither Alarcon,
who ascended the Colorado River in 1540, nor Ofiate, who visited it in
1604, mentions the Yuma, but in the case of Oñate
this may be accounted for by the fact that these Indians were then living
exclusively on the west side of the river, which he did not reach. The
first explorer to mention them by name seems to have been Father Kino,
1701–2; and Garcés, 1771, and Anza,
1774 and 1775, have a great deal to say about them. Garcés
and Eixarch remained among them in 1775. (See Kino (1726), and Games
(1900).) Most of their territory passed under the control of the United
States by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, and the remainder in
consequence of the Gadsden Purchase of 1853. After the founding of Fort
Yuma, contacts between the Whites and this tribe became intimate. Most of
them were ultimately concentrated on the Colorado River and Yuma
Reservations.
Population. Garcés
(1776) estimated that there were 3,000 Yuma, but Anza (see Cones, 1900)
raises this to 3,500. An estimate attributed to M. Leroux dating from
"early in the 19th century," again gives 3,000. According to the Report of
the United States Indian Office for 1910, there were then 655 individuals
belonging to the tribe, but the census of that year gives 834. The Indian
Office figure for 1923 is 826 and that for 1929, 826, but the United
States Census for 1920 increases it very materially, to 2,306. However,
the Report of the Indian Office for 1937 gives only 848.
Connections in which they
have become noted. Besides giving its name to the Yuman stock, the
name Yuma is preserved by counties in Arizona and Colorado; localities in
Yuma County, Ariz.; Yuma County, Colo.; Cloud County, Kans.; Taylor
County, Ky.; Wexford County, Mich.; and Carroll County, Tenn.
Source: The Indian Tribes of North America, John R. Swanton, 1953
Online Publication: The manuscript was scanned and
then ocr'd. Minimal editing has been done, and readers can and should expect
some errors in the textual output.
