While we know our northern friends may not feel it, in the South, Spring is
here. So we thought we'd share a few of our gardening sites appropriate
for this time of the year. Along with gardening, there's grilling, and getting
ready to diet so that you can fit back into that bathing suit this summer!
Chippewa. Representatives of this tribe appear as parties
to the Treaty of Greenville, 1795, and to treaties concluded in 1807 and
1817 by which lands in this State were relinquished to the Whites.
(See Minnesota.)
Delaware. The Delaware lived in Ohio for a considerable period in the
course of their migration west under White pressure (See
New Jersey.)
Erie. Meaning in Iroquois, "long tail," and referring to the panther, from
which circumstance they are often referred to as the Cat Nation. Also
called:
GA-quA'-ga-o-no, by L. H. Morgan (1851).
Connection. The Erie belonged to the Iroquoian linguistic family.
Location. All of northern Ohio, except possibly the northwestern corner,
and in portions of northwestern Pennsylvania and western New York. In the
southeastern part of the State they perhaps reached the Ohio River. (See
also Indiana,
New York, and
Pennsylvania.)
Subdivisions and Villages
The names of but two villages are known, Gentaienton and Riqué. There are
supposed to have been several subdivisions, but their names have not been
preserved.
History. Little is known of this tribe until the final struggle which
resulted in its destruction as a nation at the hands of the Iroquois and
the incorporation of most of the remnants among the conquerors. The war
lasted from 1653 to 1656 and seems to have been unusually bloody, the
victory of the Iroquois having been determined probably by the fact that
they possessed firearms. Some of the so-called Seneca of Oklahoma may be
descended from Erie refugees.
Population. Hewitt (1907) considers 14,500 a conservative estimate of Erie
population at the time of the last war, but Mooney (1928) allows only
4,000.
Connection in which they have become noted. The historical prominence of
the Erie tribe itself is confined to the war in which it was destroyed.
Its claim to present remembrance arises from the adoption of the name for
one of the Great Lakes; for an important city in Pennsylvania upon its
shores; counties in New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania; places in Weld
County, Colo.; Whiteside County, Ill.; Neosho County, Kans.; Monroe
County, Mich.; Cass County, N. Dak.; Loudon County, Tenn.; Erieside in
Lake County, Ohio; and Erieville in Madison County, N. Y., and some
smaller settlements; also an important railroad.
Honniasont. This tribe occupied parts of the eastern fringe of Ohio after
it had been incorporated into the Iroquois and perhaps before. (See
Pennsylvania.)
Illinois. Representatives of the Illinois were parties to the Treaty of
Greenville by which lands of the State of Ohio were relinquished to the
Whites. (See Illinois.)
Iroquois. After the destruction or dispersal of the Erie and other native
tribes of Ohio, many Iroquois settlements were made in the State,
particularly by the westernmost tribe, the Seneca. Some of these so-called
Iroquois villages were no doubt occupied by people of formerly independent
nations. (See New York.)
Kickapoo. Representatives of this tribe were parties to the Treaty of
Greenville by which Ohio lands were relinquished to the Whites. (See
Wisconsin.)
Miami. After the original tribes of Ohio had been cleared away, some Miami
worked their way into the State, particularly into the western and
northern parts, and they gave their name to three Ohio rivers, the Miami,
Little Miami, and Maumee. (See Indiana.)
Mosopelea. Significance uncertain, though probably from an Algonquian
language. Also called:
Chonque, by Tonti in 1690, probably the Quapaw name.
Ofo, own name, perhaps an abbreviation of the Mobilian term, Ofogoula,
though this last may mean simply "Ofo people." Ofogoula may also be
interpreted Ofi okla, "Dog People."
Ouesperie, Ossipe, Ushpee, names by which they were known to other tribes
and evidently shortened forms of Mosopelea, which has a variant in
Connections. The Mosopelea
spoke a Siouan dialect most closely related to Biloxi and
Tutelo and
secondarily to Dakota.
Location. When the French
first heard of them, they were in southwestern Ohio, but their best-known
historical location was on the lower Yazoo, close to the Yazoo and Koroa
Indians. (See also Arkansas,
Indiana,
Kentucky, and
Tennessee.)
Villages
Anciently they had eight villages, but none of the names
of these have been preserved.
History. After abandoning
southwestern Ohio some time before 1673, the Mosopelea appear to have
settled on the Cumberland, driven thither probably by the Iroquois, and to
have given it the name it bears in Coxe's map (1741), Ouesperie, a
corruption of Mosopelea. By 1673 they had descended to the Mississippi and
established themselves on its western side below the mouth of the Ohio.
Later they appear to have stopped for a time among the Quapaw, but before
1686 at least part of them had sought refuge among the Taensa. Their
reason for leaving the latter tribe is unknown, but Iberville found them
in the historic location above given in 1699. He inserts their name twice,
once in the form Ofogoula and once as "Ouispe," probably a corruption of
Mosopelea. When their neighbors, the Yazoo and Koroa, joined in the
Natchez uprising, the Ofo refused to side with them and went to live with
the Tunica, who were French allies. Shortly before 1739 they had settled
close to Fort Rosalie, where they remained until after 1758. In 1784 their
village was on the western bank of the Mississippi 8 miles above Point
Coupée, but nothing more was heard of
them until 1908, when I found a single
survivor living among the Tunica just out of Marksville, La., and was able
to establish their linguistic connections.
Population. In 1700 the
Mosopelea are said to have occupied 10-12 cabins, but some years later Le
Page du Pratz (1758) gives 60. In 1758 they are reported to have had 15
warriors and in 1784, 12.
Connection in which they have
become noted. The most noteworthy circumstance connected with this
tribe is its romantic history and the recovery of the knowledge of the
same.
Neutrals. The Neutral Nation may
have occupied a little territory in the extreme northwest of Ohio. (See
New York.)
Ottawa. In the eighteenth century, Ottawa
worked into the northern part of Ohio and established settlements along
the shore of Lake Erie. (See Michigan.)
Potawatomi. Representatives of this tribe were parties to the
Treaty of Greenville in 1795 and to treaties made in 1805, 1807, and 1817
by which lands in this State were relinquished to the Whites. (See
Michigan.)
Shawnee.
It is probable that some Shawnee were in Ohio at very early periods. After
they had been driven from the Cumberland Valley by the Chickasaw and
Cherokee shortly after 1714, they worked their way north into this State
and, as they were joined by the former eastern and southern bands, Ohio
became the Shawnee center for a considerable period, until after the
Treaty of Greenville. (See Tennessee.)
Wyandot. Meaning perhaps "islanders," or
"dwellers on a peninsula." Occasionally spelled Guyandot. At an earlier
date usually known as Huron, a name given by the French from huré,
"rough," and the depreciating suffix -on. Also called:
Hatindia8ointen, Huron name of Huron of Lorette.
Nadowa, a name given to them and many other Iroquoian tribes by
Algonquians.
Telamatenon, Delaware name, meaning "coming out of a mountain or
cave."
Thastchetci', Onondaga name.
Connection. The Wyandot
belonged to the Iroquoian linguistic family.
Location. The earliest
known location of the Huron proper was the St. Lawrence Valley and the
territory of the present province of Ontario from Lake Ontario across to
Georgian Bay. The Tionontati were just west of them on Lake Huron. (See
also Illinois,
Indiana, Kansas,
Michigan,
Minnesota, and
Wisconsin.)
Subdivisions and Villages
There are said to have been four
confederated Huron tribes in the time of Champlain.
Cartier, who first met these people, gives the
following town names:
Araste, on or near St. Lawrence River below the site of Quebec.
Hagonchenda, on St. Lawrence River not far from the point where it is
joined by Jacques Cartier River.
Hochelaga, on Montreal Island.
Hochelay, probably near Point Platon, Quebec.
Satadin, location uncertain.
Stadacona, on the site of the present Quebec.
Starnatan, just below the site of Quebec.
Tailla, near Quebec.
Teguenondahi, location uncertain.
Tutonaguay, 25 leagues above the site of Quebec.
The following towns, some under
their native names and others under the names of the missions established
by the French Jesuits, existed in Ontario between Lake Simcoe and Georgian
Bay in the first half of the seventeenth century:
Andiata.
Angoutenc, between the refugee Wenrohronon town and Ossossane and about 2
miles from the latter.
Anonatea, 1 league from Ihonatiria.
Arendaonatia.
Arente.
Arontaen, near Point Cockburn, on the north shore of Nattawasaga Bay.
Cahiague, where was the mission of St. John the Baptist.
Carhagouha, in Tiny Township about 2 miles northwest of Lafontaine.
Carmaron.
Ekiodatsaan.
Endarahy.
Iahenhouton.
Ihonatiria, where was the mission of the Immaculate Conception.
Karenhassa.
Khinonascarant, the name of three small villages.
Onentisati, in Tiny Township.
Ossossane, where was the mission of the Immaculate Conception after it was
moved from Ihonatiria.
Ste. Agnes.
Ste. Anne.
St. Antoine.
Ste. Barbe.
Ste. Catherine.
Ste. Cécile.
St. Charles, 2 villages.
St. Denys.
St. Etienne.
St. Frangois Xavier.
Ste. Genevieve.
St. Joachim.
St. Louis.
Ste. Madeleine.
St. Martin.
Ste. Marie, 2 villages.
Ste. Térèse.
Scanonaerat, where was the mission of St. Michel.
Taenhatentaron, where was the mission of St. Ignace.
Teanaustayae, whither the mission of St. Joseph was moved from Ihonatiria
(?).
Teandewiata.
Tondakhra, on the west side of the northern peninsula of Tiny Township, 4
miles
northwest of Lafontaine and about 1 mile southeast of Clover Point.
Touaguainchain, perhaps where the mission of Ste. Madeleine was
established.
After the Huron had been broken
up by the Iroquois there was for a time a Huron mission on Mackinac
Island, called St. Ignace, which was soon moved to
Point Ignace on the shore to the northward. A part of the tribe settled
successively in villages called Ancienne Lorette and Jeune Lorette, 8
miles northwest of Quebec.
The following names of Huron or
Wyandot towns are recorded in Ohio after the part of the tribe which moved
west and south had collected there:
Cranetown, 2 towns: (1) on the site of the present
Royalton, Fairfield County; (2) in Crawford County, 8 or 10 miles
northeast of the present Upper Sandusky. Junqueindundeh, on Sandusky River
24 miles above its mouth.
Junundat, on a small creek that empties into a little lake below the mouth
of Sandusky River, Seneca County.
Sandusky, 2 towns: (1) Lower Sandusky on the site of Sandusky, Erie
County; (2) Upper Sandusky near the present town of that name in Wyandot
County.
There was a Wyandot village in
Wayne County, Mich., called Brownstown, occupied by people of this tribe
from 1809 to 1818.
History. The St. Lawrence
territories seem to have been occupied by two of the four Huron tribes
when Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River in 1534-43; at any rate
Hurons were in occupancy. When Champlain came into the country in 1603,
they were all living south of Georgian Bay. The French soon entered into
amicable relations with them and, beginning in 1615, missionaries
undertook to convert them to Christianity. These efforts were crowned with
considerable success, but were brought to an end when the tribe was
attacked and disrupted by the Iroquois in 1648-49. Part of the Huron were
then adopted by their conquerors, while part placed themselves under the
protection of the French at Quebec, their descendants being known today as
the Hurons of Lorette, and others fled to the Neutrals, the Erie, the
Tionontati, and other tribes. In 1649, however, the Tionontati were
attacked in their turn and forced along with their Huron guests to take
refuge on Christian Island in Lake Huron. Then followed a long course of
wandering; to Michilimackinac; Manitoulin Island; Green Bay; the
Potawatomi; the Illinois; the neighborhood of the Ottawa on Chequamigon
Bay, on the south shore of Lake Superior; and again to Michilimackinac. In
the latter part of the seventeenth century some moved to Sandusky, Ohio,
and Detroit, Mich. In 1745 a considerable party of Huron under the
leadership of the war chief Orontony or Nicholas went from Detroit to the
marshlands of Sandusky Bay, but in 1748, on the failure of a conspiracy
Orontony had attempted against the French, he abandoned his villages and
removed to white River, Ind. After his death the Hurons seem to have
returned to Detroit and Sandusky and gradually extended their claims over
Ohio, so that it was by their permission that the Shawnee from the south
and the Delaware from the east settled north of Ohio River. The Wyandot
allied themselves with the British in the war of 1812. At its close a
large tract of land in Ohio and Michigan was confirmed to them, but they
sold much of it in 1819, under treaty provisions, reserving a small
portion near Upper Sandusky, Ohio, and a smaller area on Huron River, near
Detroit, until 1842, when these tracts also were sold, and the tribe
removed to Wyandotte County, Kans. In 1867 they were placed upon a small
reservation in the northeastern part of the Indian Territory and are now
citizens of the State of Oklahoma.
Population. Mooney (1928)
estimates that in 1600 there were 10,000 Huron and 8,000 Tionontati.
French estimates of the first half of the seventeenth century range from
20,000 to 30,000, the former figure being one that Hewitt (in Hodge, 1907)
is inclined to accept. After the dispersal, the Hurons of Lorette were
estimated at 300 in 1736 but placed officially at 455 in 1904. The
following figures are given for the other Huron: 1,000 in 1736; 500 and
850 in 1748; 1,250 in 1765; 1,500 in 1794-95; 1,000 and 1,250 in 1812. In
1885 the Huron in Oklahoma numbered 251; in 1905, 378; and by the census
of 1910, 353. In 1923 there were 502 in Oklahoma and in 1924, 399 at
Lorette, Canada: total 901. The census of 1530 returned exactly the same
number in the United States as had the census of 1910. In 1937, 783 were
reported in Oklahoma.
Connection in which they have
become noted. The Wyandot tribe is famous,
(1) from the fact that it
was the chief tribe or group of tribes encountered by Cartier when he
explored the St. Lawrence,
(2) for the flourishing missions maintained among them by the French
Jesuits,
(3) for the tragic destruction of their confederacy by the Iroquois,
(4) from the various applications of the names Huron and Wyandot, the
former including one of the Great Lakes and also rivers and counties in
Michigan, Ohio, and Ontario; places in Fresno County, Calif.; Lawrence
County, Ind.; Atchison County, Kans.; Erie County, Ohio; Beadle County, S.
Dak.; Henderson County, Tenn.; and the Huron Mountains in Marquette
County, Mich. Wyandot -was applied in the forms Wyandot or Wyandotte to
counties in Ohio and Kansas; to places in Wyandot County, Ohio; Crawford
County, Ind.; Butte County, California; Ottawa County, Okla.; and miles
northeast County, Mich.; and a famous cave, Wyandotte Cave, Leavenworth,
Ind. In the form Guyandotte, the name of the Wyandot has been given to a
river, mountains, and a town in West Virginia.
