While we know our northern friends may not feel it, in the South, Spring is
here. So we thought we'd share a few of our gardening sites appropriate
for this time of the year. Along with gardening, there's grilling, and getting
ready to diet so that you can fit back into that bathing suit this summer!
Chippewa.
At a very early period, Chippewa lived about the Sault St. Marie and on
the northern shore of Lake Michigan. (See Minnesota.)
Foxes. Since the
Sauk are known to have lived in Michigan at an early period, it is
probable that the Foxes did also, but this is still uncertain. (See
Wisconsin.)
Kickapoo. The same
probability of an early residence in Michigan applies to the Kickapoo as
to the Foxes and for a similar reason. (See
Wisconsin.)
Menominee. This tribe ceded its claim to a portion of the upper peninsula
of Michigan in 1836. (See Wisconsin.)
Miami. The Miami,
or a portion of them, at one time occupied the valley of St. Joseph River
and other parts of the southern Michigan border. (See
Indiana.)
Neutrals. Bands of the Neutral Nation extended, in the seventeenth
century, into what is now southeastern Michigan. (See
New York.)
Noquet. Meaning probably "bear foot," another name for the Bear gens in
Chippewa. The Bear gens may have been prominent in this tribe.
Connections. The Noquet
are thought to have been related to the Menominee of the Algonquian
linguistic family.
Location. About Big Bay de
Noquet and Little Bay de Noquet and extending across the northern
peninsula of Michigan to Lake Superior. (See also
Wisconsin.)
History. In 1659 the
Noquet was one of the tribes attached the St. Michel. They were never ever
prominent and were probably absorbed at a very early date by Menominee or
Chippewa.
Population. Unknown.
noted.
Connection in which they have become noted. The name Noqute is perpetuated
in the two bays above mentioned.
Ottawa. From a native word signifying "to trade,"
because they were noted as middlemen. It occurs shortened to Tawa. Also
called:
Andatahouats, Ondatawawat, Huron name.
Udawak, Penobscot name.
Ukua'-yata, Huron name, according to Gatschet (1877).
Waganha's, Iroquois name, meaning "stammerers".
Watawawininiwok, Chippewa name, meaning "men of the bulrushes", from
the many bulrushes in Ottawa River.
Wdowo, Abnaki name.
Connections. The Ottawa
belonged to the Algonquian linguistic stock and were related most closely
with the Chippewa and Potawatomi. was
Location. The earliest
known home of the north shore Manitoulin Island and neighboring
parts of the north shore of Georgian Bay. Their connection with Michigan
came later. (See also Illinois,
Indiana, Iowa,
Kansas, Minnesota,
Ohio,
Oklahoma,
Wisconsin, and Canada.)
Subdivisions and Villages
The following four main divisions are given by early
writers: The Kishkakon or Bear Gens, the Nassauaketon, or Fork
People, the Sable Gens and the Sinago or Gray Squirrel Gens, is sometimes
times added. The Kishkakon, Sinago, Keinouche were closely associated.
Aegakotcheis, in Michigan
Anamiewatigong, in Emmet County, lower Michigan
Apontigoumy, probably in Ontario.
Machonee, near the mouth of Au Vaseau River which flows into Lake
St. Clair, in lower Michigan.
Manistee, in Michigan, perhaps near the village of Weganakisi on
Little
Traverse Bay
Menawzhetaunaung, on an island in the Lake of the Woods.
Meshkemau, on Maumee Bay, Lucas County, Ohio
Michilimackina location Mackinac Island.
Middle Village, location unknown.
Obidgewong, with Chippewa, on the western shore of Lake Wolseley,
Manitoulin Island, Ontario.
Oquanoxa, on the west bank of the Little Auglaize, at its mouth, in
Paulding
County, Ohio.
Roche de Boeuf, on the northwestern bank of Maumee River, near
Waterville,
Lucas County, Ohio.
Saint Simon, a mission on Manitoulin Island.
Shabawywyagun, apparently on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan.
Tushquegan, on the south bank of Maumee River opposite Toledo, Ohio.
Waganakisi, on the site of Harbor Springs, Emmet County, Mich.
Walpole Island, on the island of that name, Ontario.
Waugau, near the mouth of Maumee River, in Lucas County, Ohio.
Wolf Rapids, on Maumee River, Ohio, about the boundary of Wood and
Henry Counties.
Additional bands:
Maskasinik, position uncertain, mentioned in Jesuit Relation of
1657-58 with Nikikouek and Missisauga.
Nikikouek, position uncertain, associated with Missisauga and
dwelling east of them on the north shore of Lake Huron.
Outaouakamigouk, on the northeast coast of Lake Huron in 1648,
probably Ottawa.
Sagnitaouigama, in 1640 southeast of Ottawa River, perhaps same as
Sinago.
History. It is
uncertain whether the Ottawa River in Ontario received its name because
the Ottawa once lived upon it or because the Ottawa had obtained a
monopoly of the trade passing up and down it. When the French actually
came among them they were in the region above indicated. After the
destruction of their allies, the Hurons, in 1648-49, the Iroquois attacked
the Ottawa in turn, who fled to the islands at the entrance of Green Bay,
part of them later passing to Keweenaw Bay, while the rest accompanied the
Hurons to an island near the entrance of Lake Pepin on the Mississippi.
Harassed by the Dakota, the Ottawa settled on Chequaniegon Bay but in
1670-71 were induced by the French to return to Manitoulin Island. By 1680
most of them had left Manitoulin Island and joined the Hurons about the
mission station at Mackinaw. About 1700 the Hurons removed to Detroit, and
a portion of the Ottawa seem to have obtained a foothold on the west shore
of Lake Huron between Saginaw Bay and Detroit, but they returned to
Mackinaw about 1706. Soon afterward the chief seat of a portion of the
tribe was fixed at L'Arbre Croche in Emmett County, whence they spread
down the east side of Lake Michigan to St. Joseph River, a few finding
their way into Wisconsin and northeastern Illinois. At the same time some
of them were living in their old country on Manitoulin Island and about
Georgian Bay, and others were scattered along the southern shore of Lake
Erie from Detroit to the vicinity of Beaver Creek, Pa. They took part
successively against the English and the American colonists in all wars
during the latter half of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the
nineteenth until the end of the War of 1812. The famous chief
Pontiac was an
Ottawa. The Canadian Ottawa are on Manitoulin and Cockburn Islands and the
adjacent shores of Lake Huron. In 1831 two bands of Ottawa known as the
Ottawa of Blanchard's Fork of Great Auglaize River and the Ottawa of Roche
de Boeuf on Maumee River were granted lands on Marais des Cygnes River,
Kans., but they re-ceded the greater part of these lands in 1846, and in
1862 they agreed to allotment in severalty and to the relinquishment of
their remaining territory. Further treaties regarding the disposal of
their lands were made in 1867 and 1872. In 1867 they received a plot of
land in Oklahoma which had been ceded by the Shawnee. A few Ottawa went
west with the Prairie Potawatomi but were soon fused with them or
scattered to other places. A few others have continued to occupy parts of
Kansas down to the present day but after 1868 most of them removed to
Oklahoma. A still larger body of Ottawa remained in Michigan, scattered
among a number of small villages.
Population. Mooney (1928)
estimated that in 1600 there were of the combined Algonkin and Ottawa
about 6,000. The scattered condition of the tribe during their earlier
history prevented their contemporary chroniclers from obtaining
satisfactory figures. In 1906 the Chippewa and Ottawa on Manitoulin and
Cockburn Islands numbered 1,497, of whom about half were Ottawa; there
were 197 under the Seneca School, Okla.; and in Michigan there were 5ca87
in 1900 of whom about two-thirds were Ottawa. According to the census of
1910, there were 2,717 Ottawa in the United States, 2,454 being in
Michigan, 170 in Oklahoma, and the rest in Wisconsin, Nebraska, Kansas,
and Pennsylvania. In 1923 there were 274 in Oklahoma and a much larger
number in Michigan and Canada. The United States Oklahoma, and gives 84 in
Wisconsin. In 1737 there were 422 in Oklahoma.
Connection in which they have
become noted.-Although a prominent tribe in early times, the Ottawa
will now be especially remembered from the fact that they have given their
name to the most important branch of the St. Lawrence River and the city
on its banks which became the capital of the Dominion of Canada. Their
name is also borne by counties in Kansas, Michigan, and Ohio, and the
province of Quebec; by important cities in La Salle County, Ill., and
Franklin County, Kans.; and by smaller places and streams in Rockcaste
County, Ky.; Waukesha County, Wis.; Le Sueur County, Mined Putnam County,
Ohio; Boone County, Wis.; Boone County, Va.; an Ottawa Beach in Ottawa
County, Mich., and Ottawa Lake in Monroe County in the same State. The
tribe will be noted furthermore as that to which belonged the famous
Indian patriot, Pontiac.
Potawatomi. Meaning "people of the place of the fire," and hence
sometimes known as the Fire Nation. Also called:
Atsistarhonon, Huron name.
Kúnu-háyanu,
Caddo name, meaning "watermelon people." Ndaton8atendi,
Undatomdtendi, Huron name.
Peki'neni, Fox name, meaning "grouse people."
Tcåshtalálgi,
Creek name, meaning "watermelon people."
Wah-hō'-nā-hah,
Miami name, meaning "fire makers."
Wáhiú¢axá,
Omaha name.
Wáhiúyaha,
Kansa name.
Woraxa, Iowa, Oto, and Missouri name.
Woráxě,
Winnebago name.
Connections. The
Potawatomi belonged to the Algonquian linguistic family, being most
closely affiliated with the Chippewa and Ottawa.
Location. The ancient home
of this tribe was evidently in the lower peninsula of Michigan. (See also
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Ohio, Oklahoma, and Wisconsin.)
Subdivisions and Villages
In the course of their later history,
the Potawatomi became separated into several distinct bands but these do
not seem to have corresponded to any old, well-determined classification.
Villages:
Abercronk, not certainly Potawatomi, in northeastern Porter County, Ind.
Ashkum's Village, on the north side of Eel River, about Denver, Miami
County, Ind.
Assiminehkon, probably Potawatomi, In Lee County, Ill.
Aubbeenaubbee's Village, in Aubbeenaubbee Township in Fulton County, Ind.
Checkawkose's Village, on the south side of Tippecanoe River, about
Harrison Township, Kosciusko County, Ind.
Chekase's Village, on the west side of Tippecanoe River between Warsaw and
Monoquet, Kosciusko, Ind.
Chichipe Outipe, near South Bend, St. Joseph County, Ind. Chippoy, on Big
Shawnee Creek, in Fountain County, Ind. Comoza's Village, on Tippecanoe
River in Fulton County, Ind. Kinkash's Village, on Tippecanoe River,
Kosciusko County, Ind.
Little Rock Village, on the north bank of Kankakee River about the
boundary of Kankakee and Will Counties, Ill.
Macon, location unknown.
Macousin, on the west bank of St. Joseph River, Berrien County, Mich.
Mangachqua, on Peble River in southern Michigan.
Maquanago, probably Potawatomi, near Waukesha, in southeastern Wisconsin.
Masac's Village, on the west bank of Tippecanoe River in the northeastern
part of Fulton County, Ind.
Matchebenashshewish's Village, on Kalamazoo River probably In Jackson
County, Mich.
Maukekose's Village, near the head of Wolf Creek in Marshall County, Ind.
Menominee's Village, on the north side of Twin Lakes near the site of
Plymouth, Marshall County, Ind.
Menoquet's Village, on Cass River, lower Michigan.
Mesheketeno's Village, on Kankakee River, a short distance above the
present Kankakee in northeastern Illinois.
Mesquawbuck's Village, near Oswego, Kosciusko County, Ind.
Mickkesawbee, at the site of the present Coldwater, Mich.
Milwaukee, with Foxes and Mascouten, at or near the present Milwaukee,
Wis. Minemaung's Village, near Grantpark, Kankakee County, Ill.
Mote's Village, just north of Tippecanoe River near Atwood, Kosciusko
County,
Ind. Ind.
Muskwawasepeotan, near Cedarville, Allen Count , In
Natowasepe, on St. Joseph River about the present Mendon, St. Joseph
County, Mich.
Nayonsay's Village, probably Potawatomi, in the northeastern part of
Kendall County, Ill.
Pierrish's Village, on the north bank of Eel River, just above Laketon,
Wabash
County, Ind.
Pokagon, in Berrien County, near the west bank of St. Joseph River just
north of the Indiana line.
Prairie Ronde, about the boundary of Cass and Van Buren Counties, Mich.
Rock Village in northeastern Illinois. Ind.
Rum's Village, about 4 miles south of South Bend, St. Joseph County, Ind.
Saint Joseph, a mission on St. Joseph River near the south end of Lake
Michigan.
Saint Michael, a mission in southern Wisconsin.
Sawmehnaug, on Fox River, Ill.
Seginsavin's Village, on Rouge River near Detroit, Mich.
Shaytee's Village, probably Potawatomi on Fox River, Ill.
Shobonier's Village, near the present Shabbona, De Kalb County, Ill.
Soldier's Village, in northern Illinois.
Tassinong, probably Potawatomi, in Porter County, Ind.
Toisa's Village, on the west bank of Tippecanoe River, nearly opposite
Bloomingsburg, Fulton County, Ind.
Tonguish's Village, near Rouge River in the southern part of Oakland
County, or the northern part of Wayne County, Mich. Mich.
Topenebee's Village, on St. Joseph River opposite Niles, Berrien County,
Waisuskuck's Village, in northeastern, Ill
Wanatah, in La Porte County, Ind., a short distance east of the present
Wanatah. Wimego's Village, on the north bank of Indian Creek, in the
northern part of Case County, Ind.
Winamac's Village, near the present Winamac, Pulaski County, Ind.
Wonongoseak, probably Potawatomi, between the northern and southern
branches of Elkhart River, apparently in Noble County, Ind.
History. Shortly before
the Potawatomi were encountered by the French they seem to have been
living on the lower peninsula of Michigan. According to native traditions,
the Ottawa, Chippewa and Potawatomi reached the upper end of Lake Huron in
company from some region farther east, and the Potawatomi crossed from
that point into the peninsula. By 1670 they had been driven to the
neighborhood of Green Bay west of Lake Michigan, whence they slowly moved
south until by the end of the century they had established themselves on
on Milwaukee River, at Chicago, and on St. Joseph River. After the quest
of the Illinois Indians about 1765, they took possession of still more of
what is now the northern part of the State of Illinois and extended their
settlements eastward over southern Michigan as far as Lake Erie. After
1795, against the protests of the Miami, they moved down the Wabash and
advanced their occupancy as far as Pine Creek. They sided actively first
with the French against the English and then with the English against the
Americans until a general peace was brought about in 1815. As White
settlers increased in numbers in their neighborhood, the Potawatomi
gradually parted with their lands, the greatest cessions being made
between 1836 and 1841, and most of them retired beyond the Mississippi.
Part of the Prairie band of Potawatomi returned to Wisconsin, while
another band, the Potawatomi of Huron, are in lower Michigan. A few
escaped into Canada and are now on Walpole Island in St. Clair County.
Part of the Potawatomi living in Wisconsin sold their lands and received
in exchange a reservation in southwestern Iowa. These received the name of
Prairie Potawatomi. In 1846 they also disposed of their Iowa territory and
in 1847-48 passed over into Kansas and established themselves just east of
the Potawatomi of the Woods, who had come from Indiana in 1840 to occupy a
reserve on Osage River, in Kansas. In 1846, however, the latter re-ceded
this and settled the following year between the Shawnee and Delaware
Indians in the present Shawnee County, Kans. The Potawatomi of the Prairie
remained in Kansas and received allotments there, but the Potawatomi of
the Woods went to a new reservation in Oklahoma in 1869-71 near the
Kickapoo. A few have accompanied the Kickapoo to Mexico.
Population. Mooney's
(1928) estimate for the Potawatomi, as of the year 1650, is 4,000.
Estimates made between 1765 and 1843 vary from 1,200 to 3,400,but it would
seem that they must have averaged 2,000 to 2,500. In 1908, 2,522
Potawatomi were reported in the United States, distributed as follows:
Citizen Potawatomi in Oklahoma, 1,768; Prairie band in Kansas, 676; and
Potawatomi of Huron, in Calhoun County, Mich., 78. A few besides these
were scattered through their ancient territory and at various other
points. Those in Canada are all in the Province of Ontario and number
about 220, of whom 176 are living with Chippewa and Ottawa on Walpole
Island and the remainder, no longer officially reported, are divided
between Caradoc and Riviére aux
Sables, where they reside by permission of the Chippewa and Munsee. The
United States Census of 1910 returned 2,440, of whom 866 were living in
Oklahoma, 619 in Kansas, 461 in Michigan, and 245 in Wisconsin, while the
remainder were scattered in 11 other States. The United States and
Canadian Indian Office Reports of 1923-24 give 2,227 in Oklahoma, 803 in
Kansas, and 170 on Walpole Island, Ontario, but those in Michigan are not
separately entered. The United States Census of 1930 returned 1,854, of
whom 654 were in Kansas, 636 in Oklahoma, 425 in Wisconsin, and 89 in
Michigan. In 1937 there were 142 in Michigan, 311 in Wisconsin, 1,013 in
Kansas, and 2,667 in Oklahoma: total 4,133.
Connection in which they
have become noted. In the form Pottawatomie the name of this tribe is
used as a designation of counties in Kansas and Oklahoma and a post
township of Coffey County, Kans., and in the form Pottawattamie as the
designation of a county in Iowa.
Sauk. At some time shortly
before European contact the Sauk lived about Saginaw Bay and the present
name of the bay is derived from them. They were probably driven beyond
Lake Michigan by the Ottawa allied with the Neutral Nation. (See
Wisconsin.)
Wyandot. After the disruption of their nation
by the Iroquois these people lived for limited periods at several
different points in the territory now included in the State of Michigan.
They were temporarily at Michilimackinac, Detroit, and other places. (See
Ohio.)
